Flex Wiki — Sources by Topic

Clustered source catalog. For the wiki page catalog see Index. For page-first navigation see Navigator.

Each source page is stored in wiki/sources/. This file is the authoritative source catalog; add new sources here on ingest.

A — EU primary legislation

Citizens Energy Package (2026)

Source - Citizens Energy Package COM(2026)115 — Commission Communication (10 Mar 2026); 9 actions in 3 pillars; Action 5: tenfold EC capacity increase by 2030 (25–30M households, 90 GW); Action 6: flexible retail contracts (up to 40% savings, EUR 2.7B/yr); Implementing Regulation on data interoperability for energy sharing planned 2027; accompanied by consultation synopsis SWD(2026)115
Source - Commission Recommendation C(2026)2850 Energy Communities — Non-binding Recommendation (30 Apr 2026, Dan Jørgensen); 50 recommendations; Rec 11: DNDPs must account for self-consumption growth; Rec 12: energy communities eligible for Art. 6a flexible connections; Rec 28: min bid sizes in local markets must accommodate EC assets; Energy Communities Action Plan annex (5 areas, 90 GW target, CEAH)

Retail markets and flexible contracts

Source - COM(2026)850 Retail Flexibility Report — COM(2026) 850 final (30 Apr 2026), Art. 5(10) Dir. 2019/944 report on market-based supply prices, retail competition and flexibility remuneration; not the EMD-reform review; 14 member states with no price intervention (incl. Sweden); Sweden one of only 3 reporting no competition barriers; four flexible contract types (dynamic / time-of-use / hybrid / CPP); up to 40% savings from dynamic + active management; dynamic contracts available in 16 MS but >5% penetration in only 5 (FI, LV, NL, SE, ES); smart metering ~60% EU-27; multiple supply contracts per connection point under amended Art. 4; network charges 24% of the average bill; cites C/2026/126 on future-proof network charges
Source - C(2026)126 Future Proof Network Charges Guidelines — Commission Notice C/2026/126 (9 Jan 2026), non-binding guidance to NRAs on network tariff design; implements Action 1(a) of the Affordable Energy Action Plan; reads amended Art. 18 as requiring TOTEX + anticipatory investment (CAPEX-bias fix as EU requirement); six design elements (T/D cost cascading, capacity charges, time-of-use, locational, special user-category regimes, storage); flexible connections should carry reduced charges (Dutch three-model example); storage neither double-charged nor fully exempt; flexibility needs ×2 by 2030 and ×7 by 2050; LV utilisation 2–21%; Agora: dynamic tariffs could halve German grid-expansion cost (EUR 10.5→5.8 bn); cites Sweden twice as exemplar for a regime Ei repealed five months later
Source - COM(2026)600 Future-Proofing Electricity Bills (2026) — COM(2026) 600 final (17 Jul 2026, 2026/0203(COD)), Commission proposal to amend the Electricity Regulation: new Art. 18 (network charges, capacity and time-of-use elements, anticipatory investment, DSO efficiency comparison every four years), Art. 18a (smart grid indicators, grid data framework), Art. 18b (smart-meter targets 50%/75%), Art. 18c (electricity taxed no higher than gas), Art. 18d (connection prioritisation), Art. 61(5a)/(5b) empowerments; adopted without impact assessment
Source - DSO Entity Reaction to Future-Proofing Electricity Bills (2026) — EU DSO Entity position paper (22 Sep 2026) on COM(2026) 600: ten recommendations incl. investment-oriented cost allowance, deleting the tariff-harmonisation delegated act, optional national benchmarking, no SGI benchmarking, deleting Art. 18(2)(k),(n) and Art. 18d
Source - IEA Special Report on Electrification (2026) — IEA global report (Sep 2026, for COP31): 35%-by-2035 electrification goal; flexibility and grid content only: negative-price hours, household flexibility savings, 15% of peak demand controllable in the High Electrification Scenario, grids 40% faster and USD 930 bn a year by 2035, hosting capacity from grid-enhancing technologies and non-firm connections
Source - ICCT Spatiotemporal Analysis of Electric Truck Charging Demand in Europe (2026) — ICCT and Fraunhofer ISI model (Sep 2026) of battery-electric truck charging demand across EU-27+3 by 17 x 20 km hexagon: about 100 TWh/yr by 2035 and 200 TWh by 2045, top 10% of hexagons hold 60-90% of demand, local peaks 20-50 MW in large freight countries, Swedish case study; controlled charging and V2G not modelled
Source - ISGAN BRIDGE Distribution Remuneration and Flexibility (2026) — ISGAN WG9 and BRIDGE discussion paper (Apr 2026, Comillas authors): DSO remuneration schemes and the CAPEX/OPEX bias; survey of 11 jurisdictions (7 cost-of-service or hybrid, 6 no flexibility remuneration); recommends ex-ante revenue caps with profit-sharing; warns TOTEX with a fixed capitalisation rate creates an OPEX bias
Source - Comillas Regulatory Roadmap for Distribution Remuneration (IIT WP, 2026) — abstract of IIT working paper IIT-26-103WP (Apr 2026): four-step regulatory roadmap for distribution remuneration; full paper not obtained

EU grid infrastructure policy

Source - EU Grid Action Plan COM2023-757 — COM/2023/757 “Grids, the missing link” (Nov 2023); 14-point action plan across 7 areas; €584B investment needed this decade; €375–425B distribution alone; 60% consumption growth to 2030; anticipatory investment concept first systematic EU treatment; first EU policy targeting DSO distribution grids explicitly; Action 3: EU DSO Entity to map DNDPs; precursor to 2025 Grids Package
Source - European Grids Package COM2025-1005 — COM/2025/1005 (10 Dec 2025); four instruments: COM/2025/1006 (revised TEN-E Regulation — €1.2T by 2040, 108 GW cross-border by 2040, Commission takes over central scenario development, non-wire solutions in PCI scope), COM/2025/1007 (permitting directive — amends RED III + EMD + Gas Directive, single digital portal), C/2025/8473 (grid connections guidance — first-ready-first-served, maturity criteria, queue cleaning), C/2025/8479 (2-way CfD guidance); 8 Energy Highways; Sweden objects to flaskhalsinkomster restrictions and EU-level planning centralization (nätpaketet controversy)

Operative Directives, Regulations, and Network Codes. These are the legal texts themselves, not guidance.

Source - CACM Regulation (EU) 2015-1222 — Commission Regulation (EU) 2015/1222 on capacity allocation and congestion management; Art. 21 = EU legal basis for flow-based capacity calculation as primary method; Arts. 16–18 (common grid model); Art. 32 = EU legal basis for bidding zone review process; Arts. 36–37 (price coupling / EUPHEMIA); NEMO framework (Arts. 4–8); Nordic/Baltic flow-based implementation October 2024
Source - EB GL (Regulation 2017-2195) — Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/2195; EB GL; BSP/BRP role definitions; Art. 18 national terms obligation (cross-BRP aggregation mandate); Art. 53 15-minute settlement; Art. 3.1.f demand flexibility equal terms; European balancing platforms; demand side on equal terms with generation
Source - Electricity Market Directive 2019-944 — EU Directive on common rules for electricity markets; DSO flexibility procurement (Art. 32), active customers (Art. 15), aggregation (Art. 13), storage ownership (Art. 36)
Source - Electricity Market Regulation 2019-943 — EU Regulation on internal electricity market; market principles (Art. 3), balancing (Art. 6), redispatching (Art. 13), bidding zones (Art. 14), 70% rule (Art. 16)
Source - Electricity Market Design Reform Directive (EU 2024-1711) — Directive 2024/1711 amending Dir. 2019/944 + RED II 2018/2001; in force 16 July 2024; transposition deadlines: general 17 Jan 2025, flexible connections/energy sharing 17 Jul 2026; Art. 6a mandatory FCA frameworks; Art. 15a right to energy sharing (households/SMEs/public bodies, ≤6 MW); Art. 4 multiple metering points; Art. 31 DSO capacity publication quarterly; Art. 2(24c) flexible connection agreement definition
Source - Virardi Unpacking Electricity Market Design Reform Energy Sharing (2026) — European Papers Vol. 11 No. 2 (2026); doctrinal EU-law analysis of the Art. 15a energy-sharing right; energy sharing (collective self-consumption, not a market transaction) vs. peer-to-peer trading (price-governed market exchange) — a legal distinction not previously articulated elsewhere in this wiki; energy-justice framing (distributive/procedural/recognition); situates the reform within EGD/Digital Decade/Clean Industrial Deal; no new factual/transposition detail beyond what the Directive source page and Prop. 2025/26:240 already cover
Source - Electricity Market Design Reform Regulation (EU 2024-1747) — Regulation 2024/1747 amending Reg. 2019/943 + ACER Reg. 2019/942; in force 16 July 2024; Art. 2(79) first EU flexibility definition; Art. 19e FNA mandate; Art. 19f national flexibility objectives; Art. 19g/h non-fossil flexibility support schemes; Art. 19d two-way CfDs from 2027; Arts. 19a/b PPA framework; Art. 7b dedicated measurement device; Art. 8 15-min day-ahead/30-min gate closure/100 kW min bid; Art. 18(2)(c) tariff support for flexibility
Source - ACER Assessment PPA Contract Templates (2024) — ACER’s Art. 19b(2) assessment (published 15 Oct 2024); concludes ACER does NOT need to develop voluntary PPA contract templates — existing industry/national templates suffice, standardization sacrifices needed flexibility; recommends instead that ACER publish a list of existing templates with last-update dates, access to instruments that mitigate buyer-default risk and other national-level barrier work, and joint ACER–Commission work on structural barriers with a knowledge-sharing webinar; workshops and voluntary plug-in clauses are stakeholder suggestions whose feasibility ACER will only evaluate.
Source - RFG (EU 2016-631) — EU network code for generator connection (Regulation 2016/631); type A–D classification; kraftparksmodul vs. synchronous generator distinction; FSM; derogation process; Nordic thresholds
Source - SO GL (Regulation 2017-1485) — Commission Regulation 2017/1485; System Operation Guideline: reserve hierarchy (FCR/FRR/RR), prequalification, system states, TSO-DSO data exchange, reserve delivery cooperation (Art. 182), limited energy reservoir rules, demand-side reserve participation

B — NC DR, FNA, and FIS

In-development EU regulation and the Swedish FNA implementation process. Includes data infrastructure sources tied to FIS.

Source - ACER Decision 05-2025 FNAM Annex I (2025) — Full operative FNAM text (85pp, approved July 25, 2025); two types of flexibility needs: system (RES integration, ramping, short-term) and network (DSO Art. 11, TSO Art. 12); Art. 11.3 qualitative data cannot be used in fine-tuning; 10% curtailment fine-tuning threshold; six market barrier categories; DNDP as primary data source; second cycle July 2027
Source - ACER Regulation (EU 2019-942) — ACER Regulation (recast, Clean Energy Package): ACER’s tasks and powers; Art. 4 (opinions on ENTSO/EU DSO entity, congestion-income methodology), Art. 5(7) (bidding-zone review role points to Art. 14(5) of Reg. 2019/943), Art. 6(10) (cross-border decisions when NRAs deadlock, 6-month rule)
Source - ACER Recommendation 01-2025 on NC DR — ACER’s recommendation on the NC DR; proposes 4 legal instruments instead of 1; contested issues include minimum bid size, derogation procedures, harmonisation pace
Source - ENTSO-E Balancing Report 2026 — Annual EB Regulation progress report (June 2025–May 2026, published 29 June 2026); revises NC DR Commission-adoption timeline to Q4 2026–Q1 2027 via comitology (supersedes earlier “summer 2026” estimates); aFRR/mFRR harmonization (ACER decision expected July 2026); HCZCAM/COBRA cross-zonal balancing capacity project (Nordic/Baltic + ALPACA TSOs); co-optimisation R2 report due Q1 2027
Source - Ei FNA Method Page (2025) — Ei official guidance on Swedish FNA methodology; confirms ACER Decision 05-2025 (July 25, 2025); trilateral framework (Svk + Energiföretagen + Ei) agreed November 25, 2025; DSO submission deadline April 7, 2026; national report due July 25, 2026; biennial cycle from 2026
Source - Ei R2026-08 Förslag Centralt Datahanteringsverktyg (2026) — Ei + Svk final report (Sept 2026), Ei R2026:08 / Svk 2025/5201; DHV + FIS proposal; Svk wholly owned subsidiary; fees (annual, base, per-metering-point service fee; FIS fee per active flexibility resource) under an Ei-set maximum allowed revenue; 300–800 MSEK investment, 100–150 MSEK/year running (Annex 1: 0.5–1 billion SEK); staged rollout, indicative go-live months 36–42 (reuse) or 90–96 (from scratch); draft law text (elmarknadslagen 10 kap. 14–36 §§); no national flexibility-provider definition; Annex 3 (other countries) not summarised
Source - Ei Förslag Centralt Datahanteringsverktyg (2026) — Ei + Svk consultation document; proposed DHV+FIS architecture for Swedish electricity market; six design principles; five benefits; SvK as recommended operator; staged implementation (FIS after DHV v1); Nordic vs Austrian comparison; NC DR FIS vehicle
Source - Ei NC DR Förberedelser (2025) — Ei designing NC DR T&C process from November 2025; Yuri Joelsson project lead; 12-month statutory deadline post-entry-into-force; early 2026 European models study; Sweden’s ~170 small/medium DSOs as specific design challenge
Source - Flexibilitetsbehov FNA Energiföretagen Sverige (web, 2026) — Energiföretagen process page for FNA; background, timeline (July 2026 report deadline), seven webinars, ACER Decision 05-2025 context
Source - FNA Bilagor I-V (2025-2026) — Five annexes to the FNA agreement: formal definition (Bilaga I), report template and four output questions (Bilaga II), Tabell 15 data form structure (Bilaga III), phase 2 timeline with dates (Bilaga IV), six FNAM barrier categories and survey questionnaire (Bilaga V)
Source - FNA Överenskommelse Svenskt genomförande 2026 (2025) — Tripartite agreement (Svk + DSOs via Energiföretagen + Ei) on Swedish FNA 2026 implementation; 25 binding decisions on reporting chain, data format, scope; minimum requirements approach; notable deferrals to FNA 2028
Source - FNA Webinar 7 (2026-03-16) — Final preparatory webinar; NC DR Art. 29.1/31.1 three-way FNA-DNDP-NC DR linkage; villkorade avtal = firm connections in needs assessment; ERAA 2025 scenarios (2,287/4,465 MW DSR 2030/2035); E.ON and Ellevio calculation methods
Source - Energiavirasto Finnish FNA Process Documents (2025-2026) — Finland’s first national FNA: Energiavirasto launch notice (29 Oct 2025), reporting guidance (Dec 2025), FAQ (Feb 2026 version) and Fingrid committee deck; Fingrid compiles, Energiavirasto approves; study years 2030/2035; DSO baseline is the 2026 KESU draft; DSOs report 1 Apr / 25 May 2026, Fingrid to Energiavirasto by 25 Jul 2026; next cycle July 2027
Source - Energiateollisuus Statement on Draft Finnish FNA Report (2026) — Industry response (31 Aug 2026) to the consultation on Fingrid’s draft Finnish FNA; only public quotation of the draft: demand response excluded from flexible resources (full DSR would cut uncovered ramping needs to nearly zero), conclusion that existing resources cannot meet needs; asks for aggregate DSO results, newer assumptions than ERAA 2024, permanent flexible connections
Source - Svk FNA 2026 Slutrapport (2026) — Sweden’s first FNA final report (Svk, ärende 2025/4663, 163pp, published 29 June 2026); RES spill 3.66→5.22 TWh (2030→2035, structural not extreme-event); zero unmet RES-integration need under base-case ambition, ~4 TWh gap only under sensitivity scenario; distribution-level RES-linked down-regulation share 52%→71%; SE3 most system-critical throughout; only 2 established Swedish LFM programs exist (E.ON 11 markets, Effekthandel Väst 2); Ei approved July 2026, then designated to set Art. 19f non-fossil flexibility target from these results
Source - Ei R2026-07 Vägledande Mål Icke-fossil Flexibilitet (2026) — Ei’s Art. 19f proposal (Sep 2026, authors Johan Anderson/Pia Grahn/Eva Svanberg), built on the Svk FNA2026 report; proposes Sweden’s vägledande national non-fossil flexibility target be 0 MW for 2030 and 2035 — base-case renewable forecast exceeds the integration target every year (40 TWh surplus 2030, 23 TWh 2035; sensitivity high-scenario only flips to a 4 TWh deficit by 2035, not used for the target); because target is 0 MW, no demand-response/storage/generation contribution split proposed; excludes ramping/short-term needs by design; a proposal, not the final government decision
Source - NC DR Amended Text (ACER Recommendation 01-2025 Annex 1) — Near-final regulation text (ACER Annex 1, 85 pp); 10 Titles, 58 Articles; Art. 31 flexible CAs, Art. 29/30 market-based default + derogation, Art. 24–28 FIS with 4-year interoperability deadline, Art. 43–44 DNDP local services requirement, Art. 49 grid prequalification three-status system
Source - NC DR Proposal (ENTSO-E and EU DSO Entity, 2024) — Joint ENTSO-E/EU DSO Entity proposal for the Network Code on Demand Response
Source - Skånes Effektkommission Flexibilitetsbehov Metod (2026) — Practical four-step DSO methodology guide for FNA and NUP flexibility need calculation; produced by E.ON Energidistribution, Kraftringen Nät, Öresundskraft Elnät; step 1 baseline (3–5yr hourly data), step 2 forecast (Energiforsk lathund demand factors), step 3 capacity constraints (N-1 + subscription limits), step 4 identify need (MW by season/direction/reason); double-counting rule (own vs overlying grid); exclusions: voltage constraints and LV permitted; directly compatible with FNAM Tabell 15
Source - Uppdrag Centralt Datahanteringsverktyg (2025) — Government decision 2025-09-18 cancelling old elmarknadshubb mandate and issuing new assignment to Ei + Svk; four purposes; security scope (FRA/SÄPO/IMY); report deadline 30 Sep 2026; NC DR FIS and aggregation compensation as named use cases
Source - Svk IA DR Webinar Part 1 (2025) — Svk internal webinar 2025-03-28 on EU IA DR (Implementing Act on Demand Response) Phase 1 draft; 15-18 processes in two phases; new roles: CU Module Operator, SP Module Operator, Baseline Calculator, Baseline Provider, Quantification Aggregator; EU 5-layer reference model; Phase 1 to EC Q2 2025, Phase 2 Q4 2025; IA DR EIF est. 2027
Source - Energiföretagen NC DR National Conditions Webinar (2024) — Energiföretagen webinar 2024-04-18; NC DR Title VII national conditions obligations; 3-month submission + 2-month Ei approval timeline; hybrid governance model (Eldistributionsrådet + AG Flex Elnät within Energiföretagen, open to all ~170 DSOs); Ei R2023:18 nationally legislated organization alternative; system operation states as TSO-DSO coordination backbone

C — Generator connection (RFG)

Connection rules for generators, BESS, and V2G; type A–D classification; Swedish implementation.

Source - ACER Recommendation 03-2023 NC RfG DC (2023) — Formal ACER recommendation to EC proposing NC RfG 2.0 and NC DC 2.0; removes BESS exclusion (Art. 3.2(d)); mandatory grid-forming for Type B-D; V2G in scope; NC DC adds EVs, heat pumps, power-to-gas; type A and negative sequence gaps not addressed; comitology ongoing
Source - EU Commission Draft Revised RfG and Annexes (2026) — Commission’s draft Delegated Regulation revising RfG, out for consultation (closes 25 Aug 2026); formalizes ESM (storage) category, mandatory grid-forming article, V2G EV/EVSE in scope with Annex III certification framework (EN 50549-10:2022, EN ISO/IEC 17065, WVTA route); application 2 yr generally, 3–4 yr for V2G; Ei pausing EIFS 2018:2 amendments pending this process
Source - EIFS 2018-2 Nätanslutning av generatorer — Swedish implementing regulation for RFG (in force April 2019); frequency ranges, ramp rates by technology (kraftparksmodul 100 %/min), FSM parameters, fault ride-through profiles for Nordic synchronous area
Source - Ei RFG Undantagskriterier (2017) — Ei decision 2016-100304; seven criteria for granting RFG derogations; covers location, voltage, power, generator type, energy source, grid impact, operational safety

D — Swedish primary legislation and market standards

Ellag, Förordning, Government propositions — the statutory layer. Swedish market operational handbook.

Primary legislation

Source - Ellag (1997-857) — Swedish Electricity Act (primary national electricity legislation); 1 kap. 4 § definitions (aggregering, efterfrågeflexibilitet, etc.); 3 kap. 15–17 §§ (DSO flex products, DNDP obligation, Ei delegation to EIFS 2024:1); 4 kap. 4a § (flexible connection framework); 4 kap. 46–47 §§ (statutory basis for Ei method pre-approval of villkorade avtal); 5 kap. 12a § (ellagen mandates revenue cap must consider flexibility service use — statutory basis for TOTEX reform); 8 kap. 13/16/26 §§ (BSP/BRP linking, no-hindrance obligation, aggregation compensation — not yet implemented)
Source - Förordning (2022-585) om elnätsverksamhet — Swedish government ordinance on grid operations; implements ellagen delegations; §§10–12 (DSO flex product specifications + Ei approval); §§13–15 (DNDP content: flex needs, investments, alternatives; consultation; Ei prescribing authority); §14a (SFS 2025:272 — statutory obligation for Ei to compile and publish DNDP content on its website; legal basis for PM2025:03 and map tool); §§18–22 (energy storage dispensation); §§26a–26c (renewable/CO₂ information for demand flexibility, in force SFS 2025:1319)
Source - Promemoria Förbättrad utformning av EUs elmarknad (2025) — Ministry consultation draft (KN2025/00428, Feb 2025) preceding Prop. 2025/26:16; same coverage plus detailed EU legal analysis; key addition: Art. 31.3 (DSOs must publish available capacity quarterly, high spatial resolution, including flexible connection availability in congested areas; exception <100,000 customers); Art. 6a certification legal basis; in-force date was Nov 2025 in draft vs. Jan 2026 in final Prop.
Source - Prop. 2025-26-16 Forbattrad utformning av EUs elmarknad (2025) — Swedish government bill (Sept 2025, in force 1 Jan 2026); transposes Directive 2024/1711; Art. 6a: Ei to develop flexible connection framework, mandatory certified power management system (effektregleringssystem); fixed-price supply contracts for suppliers >200,000 customers; Art. 20a demand flexibility information (technically not yet feasible per Ei); does NOT include energy sharing
Source - Prop. 2025-26-240 Nya lagar om elsystemet (2026) — Swedish government bill (Apr 2026), adopted by the Riksdag 15 June 2026 (Betänkande 2025/26:NU25; the source page now also covers the parliamentary treatment); in force 1 Jan 2027 (sistahandsleverantör 1 Jul 2027); new Elmarknadslag replacing ellagen (1997:857); energy sharing (Art. 15a): renewable electricity only, within same bidding zone (SE1–SE4), large companies ≤6 MW, invoice deduction, no mottagningsplikt, organizer role; new BSP/BRP roles replacing balansansvarig; sistahandsleverantör replacing anvisade elavtal. Flexibility debate (Motion 2025/26:4138 C, rejected): BSP standalone role still 2028–2029; obalanspris reform earliest Mar 2027; government will not implement Svk’s demand-response compensation model (KN2023/03647); Ei non-fossil flexibility target due 15 Sep 2026
Source - Elmarknadslag (2026-1281) — SFS 2026:1281 (utfärdad 2026-06-18, in force 2027-01-01); the enacted Electricity Market Act (21 chapters) replacing the ellagen’s market-function rules; renames nätföretag→systemansvarig (exception: linjekoncession-only with single in-group customer) and transmission→överföring; dedicated chapters for aggregeringstjänster (13) and energidelning (14); BRP/BSP definitions per EU terms (ch. 11); leveransskyldig sistahandsleverantör (ch. 12, 1 Jul 2027); förordningar + Ei bemyndiganden still pending
Source - Elsystemförordning (2026-1522) — SFS 2026:1522 (issued 2026-07-23, in force 2027-01-01; two sections 2027-07-01); the implementing ordinance for the elmarknadslag, repealing förordning 2022:585 and six others; DSO flexibility products approved by Ei (2 kap. 6–8 §), DNDP contents, Art. 20a data publication (2 kap. 15–18 §), storage dispensation, effektregleringssystem, quarterly capacity information (6 kap. 6 §), open meter interface, energy-sharing notifications
Source - Ei Förberedelser Sistahandsleverantör (2026) — Ei news item (9 Sep 2026); Ei has begun preparatory work (analysis, stakeholder dialogue, information) ahead of the 1 Jul 2027 anvisade-elavtal → sistahandsleverantör switch; two föreskrifter planned for spring 2027 — how grid companies calculate market shares to determine the designated supplier per area, and how that designation is publicized
Source - Ei Nya Ellagar och Ny Förordning (2026) — Ei news item (22 Sep 2026); Ei’s readiness overview for the new laws and elsystemförordning: Ei takes over all operational-security supervision from 1 Jan 2027, ~15 föreskrifter get reference-only updates (early 2027) and ~10 substantive revisions, second ordinance (lag om elektriska ledningar) still pending, new terminology (systemansvarig för distributions-/överföringssystem, transport av el, BRP/BSP)
Source - Lag om Elektriska Ledningar (2026-1283) — SFS 2026:1283 (utfärdad 2026-06-18, in force 2027-01-01); the companion act holding nätkoncession + electric-lines rules (13 chapters) formerly in the ellagen; mostly minor changes — luftledning-vs-mark/sjökabel choice now also applies at ändring/omprövning of a line concession; lines within road/rail/waterway areas (ch. 9)
Source - EIFS 2026-10 Anslutningsavgifter för Elektriska Anläggningar (2026) — Ei föreskrift (decided 3 Aug 2026, in force 1 Jan 2027) implementing elmarknadslagen 6 kap. + the new elsystemförordningen (2026:1522); nationwide connection-charge rulebook: shallow (grund) charge as default, deeper-charge exception for särskilda skäl, mandatory schablon pricing by fågelvägsavstånd for ≤25 A connections; complements EU Art. 18 ex-ante-method requirement
Source - Ei Anslutningsavgift 2026 Schablonvärden (2025) — Ei PM2013:03 v12 (updated 2025-11-28) + news notice (2025-12-03); current (pre-EIFS 2026:10) 16–25 A schablon fee for 2026: 43,000 kr (0–200m) + 369/953/562 kr per meter across successive 200–600/600–1,200/1,200–1,800m bands, individual assessment beyond; cost basis SCB 2009 survey (0–600m) + EBR 2025 catalogue (600–1,800m), EBR-indexed annually; legal basis 4 kap. ellagen
Source - SOU 2025-47 Elmarknadsutredningen (2025) — Government committee report (Bo Diczfalusy, April 2025) upstream of Prop. 2025/26:240; terminology reform (TSO/DSO EU alignment, systemansvarig myndighet abolished); BSP/BRP legal introduction with 2028 full implementation; strategic reserve preferred over market-wide capacity mechanism; nodal pricing rejected as direct implementation (benchmark use only); villkorade avtal reforms (permanent agreements, cascading between network levels, existing customers); 15-min settlement completed March 2025; data marketplace mandate to Ei; anvisade elavtal abolition with sistahandsleverantör

Swedish market operational standards

Source - Svensk Elmarknadshandbok 26A (2026) — Joint Energiföretagen Sverige + Svenska kraftnät operational handbook (edition 2026-04-01, 241pp); Chapter 11: Berättigad part meter data access (PRODAT Z13–Z18, 21-day consumer consent window, 15-min quarterly resolution, historical data up to 3 years, DSO billing obligation); §9.1.4: effektavgift construction diversity (monthly peak, mean of N highest, time-varying, winter högbelastningsavgift); §0.3: full actor taxonomy (8 roles, including BSP/BRP from edition 25A and berättigad part from 25B/26A); Chapter 10: Ediel message reference (PRODAT/UTILTS/DELFOR/APERAK); key 26A change: mikroproduktion concept removed throughout, mottagningsplikt generalized to all production from 2026-01-01

E — Swedish regulation — Ei (general)

Ei reports, guidance, and oversight not specific to a single mechanism below. Industry association regulatory outputs.

Source - Ei Effektavgifter webb (2026) — Government assignment to repeal EIFS 2022:1 (mandatory effektavgifter by Jan 2027) by June 2026; new model proposal due April 2027; effektavgifter remain permissible under Art. 18 EU reg and ellagen
Source - Ei Effektavgifter Uppdrag (2026) — Ei news release (2026-03-13) on two-part government assignment: repeal EIFS 2022:1 by June 30, 2026; new model due April 12, 2027; Tommy Johansson links tariff fragmentation to DR automation barrier; förhandsprövning hemställan (Feb 25, 2026) for ex-ante DSO fee pre-approval; reference Ei R2026:04
Source - Ei Offentliggörande av Elnätsavgifter (2026) — EIFS 2024:5 (one rule: publish fees on the website 14 days before they apply; in force 1 Jan 2025) and Ei’s April 2026 announcement of work to amend it, with machine-readable publication of grid fees as the central requirement; the Dynamiska nättariffer API (RISE); runs parallel to the effektavgift assignment
Source - Ei R2023-04 Konsumenter och Efterfrågeflexibilitet (2023) — Ei’s report on household demand flexibility (deluppdrag 2 of the 2022 assignment): 13 measures a–m; measure d on digital, current network-tariff information for control and information services (about 170 websites, Norway’s DIGIN API as an example); grid companies’ information services; hourly-contract uncertainty
Source - Ei R2026-04 Förhandsprövning Avgifter (2026) — Ei R2026:04 (Feb 2026); formal hemställan (legislative proposal) to amend ellagen 4 kap. 46–47 §§ and add Förordning § 36a to require Ei pre-approval of DSO tariff methods; compliance gap: C-274/08 (2009), ACER 2025 outlier (Sweden + Finland only two EU states without NRA tariff pre-approval); C-718/18 NRA independence constraint; two-step process; ~30 DSOs effektavgift design deficiencies; government adoption pending
Source - Ei Effektiviseringsincitament Regionnät MTFP (2026) — Ei news (2026-06-24); RP5 (2028–2031) efficiency-incentive method for regionnätsföretag uses multifaktorproduktivitet (MTFP) — individual productivity development on total costs — instead of the generellt krav and instead of DEA peer benchmarking (regionnät too few for reliable benchmarking); TOTEX-enabling, lösningsneutral; replaces the normvärdeslista capex incentive; adopts the Termicum (2025) recommendation; basis = consultant report “Kostnadsreducerande incitament för region- och transmissionsnät” (2026-01-30); data/model/translation-to-incentive still under development
Source - Ei Beslut Nätkoncession 145 kV Malmö (2026) — Ei news (2026-06-22, ärende 2025-103405); grants E.ON a nätkoncession för område at 82–145 kV in the Malmö region (cables only) — first area concession above the 110 kV ceiling; special-circumstances exception (delimited metropolitan area, developed land); rationale = faster/cheaper regionnät expansion than per-line concession prövning; Försvarsmakten consent condition
Source - Ei R2021-03 Oberoende Aggregatorer — Ei R2021:03 (February 2021); major legislative proposal for independent aggregation; balanspunkt concept; NordREG two models (multiple BRPs / compensation mechanism); aggregator right to choose own BRP; DSO no-fee metering obligation; Svk compensation methodology mandate
Source - Konkurrensverket Yttrande Ei R2021-03 — KKV consultation response to Ei R2021:03 (June 2021); cost-cap critique: entry barrier grows with aggregator utility; implicit DSO metering subsidy; reference offer as negotiation floor
Source - Svk Kompensationsmodell Delrapport 1 (2024) — Svk government assignment KN2023/03647, Sep 2024; proposed compensation model for independent aggregation; FSP replaces LA in ellagen; Model 3 (multiple delivery points, no compensation) vs Model 4 (korrigerad faktura, spotpriset); central information system required for Model 4; 4–6 year build estimate; Model 3 as transition path; reference profile deferred to NC DR
Source - Svk Kompensationsmodell Delrapport 2 (2024) — Companion to Delrapport 1; legislative text proposals; new ellagen definitions (FSP, flexibilitetsmätpunkt, abonnemangspunkt, internt nät); new chapter 9a; new mätning regulation targeting 2027-01-01; no consequences analysis for Model 4 (central information system precondition missing)
Source - Ei Flexibility in Distribution Grids (2023) — Ei R2023:05; DSO flexibility use, three Swedish pilot evaluations (CoordiNet, sthlmflex, Effekthandel Väst), CAPEX bias, elmarknadshubb recommendation, market design analysis
Source - Ei Godkänner Marknadsprodukter Flexibilitetstjänster (2026) — Ei press release confirming December 2025 approval of LFM products; first §10 Förordning exercise; case 2025-102414; seven nätföretag; CoordiNet/sthlmflex/JämtFlex named as experience base; open application process for other nätföretag
Source - Ei R2024-14 Outnyttjad Kapacitet (2024) — Ei R2024:14 (December 2024); government assignment on unused grid capacity; luftbokning (air booking) defined; faktisk belastning doctrine reaffirmed; no new regulation needed; DSOs cannot unilaterally revise contracts; Article 6a FCA framework forthcoming; TOTEX as structural lever; five planned Ei actions
Source - Ei R2025-13 Omdirigering i Sverige 2024 — Ei R2025:13 (October 2025); annual Art. 13.4 EMR redispatching report to ACER; 7 reporters (Svk + 6 DSOs); total 281,241 MWh (Svk 59,334 + DSOs 221,906); Ellevio 220,150 MWh due to regional grid works (99% of DSO total); demand response use 4,990 MWh (up from 103 MWh in 2023); 4/6 DSOs market-based; 2 DSOs used villkorade avtal; only 6/170 DSOs reporting despite widespread capacity constraints
Source - Ei R2025-19 Sweden Electricity and Gas Market 2024 (2025) — Ei annual market report (October 2025); 2024: 169 TWh production, system price 39 öre/kWh, 784 negative price hours (~9%); battery capacity July 2024: 370 MW installed / >1,400 MW under construction / >8,300 MW planned; mFRR EAM launched March 2025 (automated activation, 15-min MTU); bidding zone review April 2025 (SE1–SE4 maintained); May 2025 Government tasked Svk with bidding zone analysis; new energy policy objectives (≥300 TWh by 2045)
Source - Ei R2026-02 Utvecklingen av Smarta Elnät (2025) — Ei R2026:02 (December 2025); first biennial smart grid monitoring report under Directive Art. 59.1(l); 13 indicators (Förutsättning/Användning/Prestation); 15 DSOs use flex; 2 regionnät use DLR (underutilized); Jan 2027 tariff deadline; utnyttjningsgrad declining in regionnät 2021–2024; energy storage markedly up 2023→2024
Source - Ei SGI Data 2023-2024 — Ei mandatory SGI annual statistics (EIFS 2022:5); codebook (Jan 2025) + CSV exports 2023 and 2024; 51 variables across REL/RER/RET; key findings: storage 221→748 MW (3.4×), market activations (Göteborg Energi 62→327, Mölndal 31→485, E.ON 0→32, Jämtkraft 0→126, Svk 117→49), bilateral consumer agreements (Ellevio 217→325, C4 Elnät 2→37), substation digitalization baseline (REL, n=111: measure1 35%, remote switching 5.8%), time-diff tariffs (system avg 18.2%, 11 DSOs at 100%), DLR companies confirmed (Skellefteå Kraft 1 line, E.ON 3 lines)
Source - Ei Tillsyn Elnätsavgifter (2026) — Ei opens effektavgifter tillsyn (April 2026) at five named DSOs (Ellevio, Göteborg Energi Nät, Bergs Tingslags, Södra Hallands, Tekniska verken Linköping); legal standard (ellagen + Art. 18 EMR); no requirement but no prohibition; parallel with EIFS 2022:1 repeal
Source - Ei Konsekvensutredning EIFS 2022-1 Upphävande (2026) — Ei consequence assessment (ärendenummer 2026-101721) for EIFS 2022:1 repeal; ~30pp; as of Jan 2026: ~30 DSOs had household effektavgifter with heterogeneous designs (of which ~20 specifically followed the EIFS 2022:1 model); several DSOs paused plans on announcement; repeal removes obligation, not permission; SVK 4-component transmissionstariff (2027) unaffected; cost: 300–600 kSEK for Ei, ~2–3 FTE per DSO (sunk)
Source - EIFS 2026-8 Nätföretags Information till Elanvändare (2026) — Ei föreskrift on DSO information to users (decided 2026-05-21, in force 2027-01-01) + 112pp konsekvensutredning (dnr 2025-101516); DSO counterpart to supplier-side EIFS 2024:2; mandates consumer info on flexible (manual + automated) electricity use + that market services exist, ei.se/kundflex links, LFM-participation disclosure (mina sidor), öppet kundgränssnitt/dataprotokoll publication, and effektavgift transparency (effektavgiftsgrundande mätvärden, weighted-average pricing); reworked after EIFS 2022:1 repeal → effektavgift/energiavgift defined generically (form, not cost); backlash data: ~13% households (spring 2025), drygt 30 DSOs (early 2026), 837 of 2025 elnät complaints on tariff design; kvart trading since 2025-09-30; Sweden gold-plates Annex I onto DSOs via Art. 18 EMR
Source - Energiföretagen Förteckning Standardiserade Marknadsprodukter (2025) — Ei-approved specification of LFM-h, LFM-p, LFM-e products; hourly/period availability + energy activation; upward regulation only; 0.1 MW min; two compensation models; LFM-e two-auction structure (D-1 and H-2); dispatch obligation from LFM-h/p to LFM-e
Source - Flexibilitet Energiföretagen Sverige (web, 2025) — Industry association overview page; AG Helhet Flex structure; NC DR expected in force 2026; faster connections as primary driver; requirements for successful implementation
Source - Ei Ställningstaganden Anslutningsprocessen (Ei2025-02 till 05) — Groups four ställningstaganden: Ei2025:02 (connection process obligations; Ei will check flexible resources in 4 kap. 13 § prövning); Ei2025:03 (anticipatory investment is a legal obligation, 3+4 kap. ellagen; DNDP as vehicle; 5 kap. 7 § safety valve for capital base inclusion); Ei2025:04 (external financing of grid components before connection agreement is permitted; rådighet reporting: Ägd/Hyrd/partial); Ei2025:05 (referral to lower grid level permitted with special reasons; Ei recommends lowest suitable level first; transmission connection obligation cannot be unilaterally redirected)
Source - Ei Ställningstagande Tariffer Ei2025-06 — Clarifies EIFS 2022:1 four-component tariff structure (energiavgift/effektavgift/kundspecifik/fast); aggregate-load principle: effektavgift time-differentiation must reflect sammanlagda belastningen on entire DSO grid, not individual customer peaks; localization signals project underway; tariff structure applies uniformly across all grid levels; EIFS 2022:1 being repealed by June 2026 but content expected to carry forward
Source - Ei PM2026-05 Connection Obligation Regional Transmission — Ei PM2026:05; supervisory review of connection obligation (anslutningsplikt) at regional and transmission grid operators (2023–2024 data); companies: Ellevio, E.ON, Jämtkraft, Skellefteå Kraft, Vattenfall Eldistribution, Öresundskraft, Svk; offer times 406–1620 days; completion times 3.1–8.4 years; flexibility alternatives essentially unused; Svk nätförstärkning 400 kV inmatning max 16.3 years
Source - Ei PM2026-07 Effektavgift Supervision — Ei PM2026:07; supervisory review of effektavgift design at five DSOs (BTEA, Ellevio, GENAB, SHK, TVL) for ≤63A customers; all five compliant with current regulations; no orders issued; two retreating (Ellevio from 2026-06-01, SHK from 2026-10-01); significant design variation documented; strong need for clearer framework confirmed; new model proposal due April 2027
Source - Ei Effektavgifter Nästa Fas (2026) — Ei news (2026-09-01) closing the effektavgift assignment’s stakeholder input-gathering phase; six recurring themes (purpose clarity, DSO harmonization, tie charge to actual load/congestion, forward-cost guidance, comprehensibility, optional/selectable models); project lead Gustav Janeling; phase 2 (impact analysis) underway; 12 April 2027 deadline restated
Source - Göteborg Energi Tidsindelade Effektavgifter Stoppas (2026) — GENAB article (April 2026); mandatory time-differentiated effektavgift rollout (autumn 2026) stopped per Regeringsuppdrag KN2026/00582, pending Ei’s April 2027 model; voluntary valbar model season-one results: ~2,700 enrolled, 1,500–2,000 SEK/year savings, 15–20% shifted to lågpristid, ~90% renewal, enrolled peaks fall outside city coincident peak; ~16M SEK sunk on aborted mandatory-rollout prep
Source - Telge Nät Effektavgift Customer Experience (2022-2026) — Three clippings (telge.se explainer, LT criticism piece Mar 2026, 2024 price-increase notice); Telge Nät has run an effektavgift since 2022 — several years’ longer operating history than the five DSOs in Ei’s PM2026:07 tillsyn review; customer friction over flat treatment of seasonal-vs-year-round usage, not the capacity-pricing principle; no quantified customer behavioural-response data found
Source - Ei Tillsyn Avgifter Mätvärdesåtkomst (2026) — Ei news (2026-06-18); tillsyn of DSO fees for giving a berättigad part access to a customer’s meter values; fees must be kostnadsriktiga (only costs directly tied to access; no inefficiencies/ongoing operations; personnel cost matched to required competence) and must not obstruct access or efterfrågeflexibilitet; 8 DSOs reviewed, Jämtkraft Elnät föreläggs to lower fee (report by 30 Sep 2026), 7 closed; follows March 2026 “stora prisskillnader” finding
Source - Ei Beslut Flaskhalsinkomster 2027 (2026) — Ei decision 2026-05-29, ärendenummer 2026-101903; approves Svk’s 2027 use of congestion income under Art. 19.4 Regulation (EU) 2019/943; 2027 inflow ~14.7 GSEK; accumulated balance ~90.9 GSEK; categories: overbelastningshantering 520 mnkr (1,309 MW / 20 resources / 10 plants / Dec 2029), KAPRIFOL/NRCC 180 mnkr, 15 network investments 3,472 mnkr, Kraftsystemhubben 11 mnkr (closing mid-2027), tariff reduction ~6.8 GSEK; 2027–2034 total ~100 GSEK
Source - Ei Regleringsbrev 2026 — Government appropriations directive (Regeringsbeslut I:4, 2025-12-18) to Ei for 2026; budget 234.5 MSEK; key assignments: non-fossil flexibility target proposal (Art. 19f EU 2024/1747, Sep 2026), regulatory sandboxes role (Net Zero Industry Act, May 2026), grid expansion annual reporting + map (Dec 2026), bottleneck revenues analysis (Oct 2026), flexibility dialogue in key regions (Feb 2027), permitting reform continuation (Feb 2027), nuclear state aid support (1.5 MSEK)
Source - Ei R2026-09 Redovisning av Elnätsutbyggnad (2026) — Ei R2026:09 (Sep 2026); proposes 5 kap. 21–22 §§ elsystemförordningen (annual grid-expansion reporting by Ei, power to require operating-area data; in force by 1 Jul 2027); map service on line length, transformer MVA, substations and cost from Jan 2027 for local-grid operators with area concessions; full accounting from 2029
Source - Ei Regulatoriska Sandlådor Nettonollteknik Uppdrag (2026) — Ei news page; elaborates the Regleringsbrev’s sandbox assignment — EU Net-Zero Industry Act (Reg. 2024/1735), regulation’s technology list includes grid tech/solar/wind/batteries/heat pumps; Ei to identify suitable regulations, gaps and pilot clauses, propose the sandbox authority role; reference group planned Mar/Apr 2026; deliverable due 20 May 2026
Source - Ei R2026-06 Nettonollteknik och Regulatoriska Sandlådor (2026) — Ei’s June 2026 final report on the above assignment; prioritizes connection/transmission capacity and hydrogen as sandbox policy areas; favors guidance over exemptions (cf. Ofgem’s 430-inquiries/~10-exemptions ratio); proposes a 6-part national structure (kontaktpunkt, samverkansaccelerator convened by Accelerationskontoret, innovationscenter, policy-driven sandboxes); critiques Vinnova’s parallel/competing structural proposal (no-appeal rule, extra coordinator role); no behörig myndighet designation or EU implementing acts yet
Source - Ei R2025-08 Klimatprestanda och Flexibla Resurser (2025) — Ei R2025:08 (March 2025); proposal implementing Art. 20a RED II (Directive (EU) 2023/2413); new 3 kap. 48a § ellagen bemyndigande + 26a–26d §§ förordning 2022:585; TSOs (Svk) to calculate/publish bidding-zone renewable-share/GHG data (DSOs just link); DSOs to publish anonymized/aggregated demand-flexibility-potential data from installation records — found technically feasible, an active proposal; publishing self-consumer/energy-community renewable-injection data found not feasible (would need a national metering data hub, several billion SEK) — deferred; costs: Svk 130k–5M SEK + 250k SEK/yr, DSOs ~2,500–30,000 SEK each, households <50 öre/taxpayer

F — Revenue cap / intäktsramar

RP4/RP5 methodology, capital valuation, TOTEX/lösningsneutralitet reform, efficiency incentives.

Source - Ei Handbok Intäktsram 2024-2027 (2023) — Ei’s operational handbook for DSO revenue cap data reporting (RP4); KENT IT system; running cost categories (§9.5.1–9.5.9); §9.5.8 flex service costs as opåverkbar opex (1:1 recovery, no efficiency deduction, conditional on Ei-approved products); capital base valuation methods; reconciliation timeline
Source - Ei R2026-05 Utfallet av Regleringen av Elnätsavgifter (2026) — Government-commissioned report (29 Jan 2026 → 16 June 2026, 110pp + 8 xlsx bilagor) on the outcome of current network-tariff regulation; empirical backbone for förhandsprövning + TOTEX/RP5; household fees +115% (2005→2026) vs CPI +49%, non-household fees rose more than DK/FI/NO; strong DSO finances (soliditet 46–51%, profit margin 16–23%, RoE 9–13%, RoTC 5–7%, all above elhandel/elproduktion); ~80 DSOs/yr give koncernbidrag (~20 bn kr 2020–2024, ~10% of turnover; Ellevio internal-loan costs 15.9% of net turnover; loan rates internal 0–0.5% vs external 0.9–2.8%); investments by level (lokalnät 61.5→58.6 bn prognosis −5%; regionnät 17.8→29.9 bn +70%; transmission 13.2→24.5 bn +85%); re/new split ~60/40 DSO, ~15/85 Svk; Ei to publish figures annually with named top-10 lists
Source - Ei Inriktning intäktsramar 2028-2031 (2025) — Ei consultation on RP5 revenue regulation methodology: förmögenhetsbevarande capital valuation, 8-year kalkylränta lookback, anslutningsavgifter deduction, TOTEX cost efficiency incentive (lösningsneutralitet); direct fix for CAPEX bias; timeline to October 2027
Source - Ei Effektiviseringsincitament Webb (2026-05-12) — Ei web article (2026-05-12) confirming three TOTEX efficiency incentive design decisions for RP5: enstegsmetoden confirmed, full cost coverage at Q3 (relative threshold, UK precedent), no general efficiency requirement, 8-year realiseringstid retained; two open items (heterogeneity adjustments, revenue cap maximum) under investigation spring 2026
Source - Ei Tidplan Ny Elnätsreglering 2028-2031 (2026) — Ei news (2026-09-16); RP5 timetable: preliminary method + konsekvensutredning and draft föreskrifter on remiss early Nov 2026; föreskrifter preliminarily in force 1 Mar 2027 when the reporting e-service opens; reporting moves from KENT to Neon; påverkbara kostnader to be reimbursed on actual in-period costs instead of a historical reference period (2018–2021 today), with a claim route for unusually large costs in the March 2027 reporting
Source - Ei Benchmarkingmodell RP5 (2026) — Ei web article (2026-05-29) announcing the DEA benchmarking model for RP5: all costs included (except myndighetsavgifter); four corrections (elområde price normalisation, förläggningsmiljö schablonized deduction, ledningslängd added as structural factor, gränspunkt energy added to production variable); incentive applied to actual unreduced costs; resolves previously open heterogeneity adjustment methodology question
Source - Ei Justerad Utnyttjningsgrad (2024) — Ei guidance on adjusted utilisation rate for the utnyttjningsgrads-incitament; formula; distortion from new renewable production connections; eligibility criteria (post 1 Jan 2022); application deadline 31 March 2028 via KENT
Source - Konsultrapport Avkastningsmetoder Elnät Montell och Partners (2024) — Montell och Partners’ survey of return-on-capital methods for Ei RP5 input; kapacitetsbevarande vs. förmögenhetsbevarande comparison; Swedish-specific challenges (public ownership, low debt, small size, few comparables); NNN principle
Source - Konsultrapport Kostnadsincitament Regionnät Termicum (2025) — Termicum’s efficiency requirement methodology for regionnät and Svk for Ei RP5; MTFP recommended over DEA/SFA; exclude Opex opåverkbar; ≥8 years data; Averch-Johnson effect as theoretical grounding for CAPEX bias
Source - Konsultrapport Normvärdeslista 2024-2027 Sweco (2022) — Sweco’s RP4 normvärdeslista proposal for Ei; eight asset categories; replacement-cost unit prices indexed to 2022 prices (+10.42% vs 2018); EBR catalog reference; role in kapacitetsbevarande RAV valuation
Source - Konsultrapport Return on Investment Elnät DFC Economics (2024) — DFC Economics RP5 methodology recommendations for Ei (Alberto Pototschnig, former ACER Director); explicit endorsement of förmögenhetsbevarande + nominal WACC + 60/40 D/E from CEER; capital valuation reform does NOT fix CAPEX bias
Source - EIFS 2023-4 och 2023-5 Rapporterings och Beräkningsföreskrifter (2023) — EIFS 2023:4 (rapporteringsföreskriften, 12pp) + EIFS 2023:5 (beräkningsföreskriften, 2pp); §2 exclusion list (flex costs absent = formally påverkbara); §15(8) product approval gate (only Ei-approved products separately reportable); 10 capital base asset categories; transition rule making RP4 the first period for flex cost accounting; Handbok §9.5.8 opåverkbar treatment is practice not formal law
Source - Konkurrensverket Analys i Korthet 2026-3 Prisbildningen på Elnätsmarknaden (2026) — Konkurrensverket’s competition-law review (July 2026, 20pp) of grid-tariff pricing 2024–2027; core argument: nuanskaffningsvärde capital valuation indexed to BKI (construction costs, +~2x KPI since 2012) risks overcompensation vs. actual financing costs; kalkylränta 3.39%→4.53%; total revenue caps 168→270 bn SEK (2020–23→2024–27), capital costs the largest driver (+97% local/+127% regional); 2023 Kammarrätten i Jönköping ruling blocked Ei’s first förmögenhetsbevarande data request; överrullning mechanism shapes end-of-period pricing behavior; continued review of 2027 pricing
Source - Energiföretagen Kommentar Konkurrensverkets Granskning (2026) — Energiföretagen Sverige press statement (July 2026) responding to the Konkurrensverket report; disputes that ellagen-compliant pricing can be separately “unreasonable” under competition law; flags the 168→270 bn SEK comparison as preliminary/mixed money values; background facts on investment levels and household cost split
Source - Dir. 2022-20 Översyn av Regleringen på El- och Naturgasområdena — Kommittédirektiv (17 March 2022) founding the Tysklandsdomen-compliance inquiry; mandate: reconcile ellagen/naturgaslagen with CJEU C-718/18 (Commission v. Germany) NRA-independence ruling; review appeals process; report due 31 Oct 2023 → SOU 2023:64
Source - Särskilt Yttrande SOU 2023-64 Marling Liljegren (2023) — Dissenting expert opinion (Marling/Liljegren, Sep 2023) to SOU 2023:64; argues the inquiry overreaches Tysklandsdomen requirements; disputes repealing the särskilt investeringsutrymme law; wants överrullning extended to 2+ periods; wants later entry into force — largely vindicated by Prop. 2025/26:26
Source - Prop. 2019-20-53 Underskott Elnätsföretagens Intäktsramar 2012-2015 (2019) — Government proposition (Dec 2019, in force Apr 2020) blocking the 2012–2015 revenue-cap deficit from carrying forward into 2020–2023 after a favorable Kammarrätten i Jönköping ruling (Feb 2019); detailed property-rights/EU-law analysis; ~28 bn SEK at stake; promised the follow-up särskilt investeringsutrymme law
Source - Överrullning av Intäkter Energiföretagen (2019-2023) — Energiföretagen web page tracing the 2019 court ruling → 2019/20:53 block → negotiated compromise → Lag (2021:311) särskilt investeringsutrymme (June 2021) → 2023 Tysklandsdomen-driven re-examination
Source - Prop. 2025-26-26 Regelverket för Framtidens El- och Gasnät (2025) — Government proposition (2 Oct 2025, ellagen changes in force 1 Jan 2027) resolving SOU 2023:64/Tysklandsdomen; removes “kapitalbas” from ellagen, delegates capital-cost calculation to Ei föreskrifter (enabling RP5/TOTEX); keeps särskilt investeringsutrymme and nätnyttoersättning intact (rejects SOU’s repeal proposals); adds economic experts to court panels reviewing intäktsram appeals; open question on overlap with the Elmarknadslag (SFS 2026:1281) recast at the same commencement date
Source - Ei PM2023-01 Incitament Effektivt Nätutnyttjande (2023) — PM2023:01 (36pp) + justerad utnyttjningsgrad v3 (2025-08-25); switch from medellastfaktorn to utnyttjningsgraden (Ug = Pmedel/Pmax,4) for belastningsincitament RP4; monetization ±1% intäktsram = 40–174 SEK/customer/year (median ~75, ~7.5 MSEK/year per 1% for 100k-customer DSO); justerad Ug rationale (renewables lower Pmedel not Pmax,4); deadline 31 March 2028
Source - Energiforsk 2026-1175 Kapacitet för Tillväxt Intäktsreglering (2026) — Energiforsk 2026:1175 (May 2026); revenue-regulation omvärldsanalys (NL/UK/Spain) companion to 2026:1190; NL TOTEX since 2001 shifting benchmark→actual-cost + ex-ante/ex-post (REG2027), nominal WACC 5.40–5.80%; UK RIIO output-TOTEX since 2013, RIIO-ET3 decided Dec 2025 / ED3 proposed, flexibility via “slow money” + Flexibility Commitment Index (FCI) + Use-or-Explain, real WACC 4.5–4.7%; Spain centralised, binding NDPs, harmonised non-cost tariffs, mandatory flex services 2026; reference points for Swedish RP5/TOTEX
Source - Dir. 2026-83 Framtidens Elnätsavgifter och Tvånivåindelning (2026) — Kommittédirektiv (decided 23 July 2026, reports 24 Nov 2027); four revenue-cap questions (avkastning flexibility, appeal rules favoring aggregate-cap review over line items, restricting överrullning + interim reconciliations — reopening SOU 2023:64/Prop. 2025/26:26 territory from the opposite direction — and a Finland-style 8%/year cap on fee increases); plus a structural inquiry into collapsing Sweden’s three-level grid (lokal/region/stamnät) into the EU’s two-level distribution/transmission model (incl. possible Svk takeover of higher-voltage regionnät lines funded by flaskhalsinkomster) and small-DSO consolidation (ACER: Sweden/Finland >35% of customers with a <100k-customer DSO vs. 8% EU average)
Source - Second Opinion Regelbördan Tung För Små Elnät (2026) — Second Opinion interview (25 June 2026) with Anders Mannikoff (VD Herrljunga Elektriska, ordförande Lokalkraft, ~30 DSOs/350,000 customers); argues Sweden’s DSO reporting burden (Ei + Svk + Energimyndigheten + Swedac + Skatteverket + SCB) falls disproportionately on small DSOs; flags Ei’s planned RP5 “effektiviseringsincitament” (autumn 2026 proposal, from 2028) as a scale-favoring mechanism; argues Ei’s KPI-driven supervision undervalues local proximity/beredskap value; industry-voice counterpoint to the Dir. 2026:83 consolidation inquiry
Source - Second Opinion Runsten Nätföretagens Vinster (2026) — Second Opinion explainer (12 June 2026), Mikael Runsten (ekon. dr, Handelshögskolan); three “misunderstandings” in the DSO overearning critique — operating margin vs. capital-intensive-sector comparators, return-on-assets sensitivity to valuation, and historical-cost accounting inflating apparent returns on old/depreciated grid assets; explains the rationale for NUAV (nuanskaffningsvärde) capital-base valuation; written in context of a government assignment tasking Ei to analyse DSO profits/investment/returns

G — DNDP and grid planning

Planning guidance, individual DSO plans, DNDP methodology, forecasting standardization.

Guidance and regulation

Source - Energiforsk 2026-1190 Kapacitet för Tillväxt (2026) — Energiforsk 2026:1190 (June 2026); omvärldsstudie on freeing capacity in existing grids (commissioned by IKEM, Göteborg Energi Elnät, E.ON Elnät); 20–40% releasable in congested sections (first 10–15% easy) via technical (dynamic rating), operative (active system operation), contractual (conditional/flexible agreements) measures; capacity = system/governance question not fixed limit; “genomförandeproblem”; international examples (TenneT TDTR 9 GW, Liander 20–30%/120%, UK Flexible Plug and Play 87%/57%; UK/NL queue-prioritisation frameworks); EIFS 2023:6 effektivt nätutnyttjande; five takeaways; companion to 2026:1175
Source - Energiforsk 2026-1192 Holistisk Nätutvecklingsstrategi (2026) — Energiforsk 2026:1192 (June 2026; Sweco; 12 DSO interviews + case study); structured decision process for a balanced mix of capacity measures; adaptive planning (reversible flexibility + irreversible reinforcement); no general rule of thumb (local conditions); two processes (short-term connection requests / long-term strategic); measure ordering (omkopplingar first-hand; tariffs as long-term-forecast practice; reinforcement↔flexibility equivalent; villkorade avtal as fallback); silos→integrated planning
Source - Energiforsk 2026-1185 Ledtider för Energiomställningen (2026) — Energiforsk/NEPP 2026:1185 (May 2026; IVL + Profu); lead times for permitting/connection/construction as a central constraint on build-out pace; 2045/300 TWh scenarios require very high and early project initiation; investeringsskuld (shortfall of initiated projects already today); permitting + grid connection key bottlenecks; even big lead-time cuts only partly close the gap; investment willingness binds as hard as lead times; reinvestments add no net capacity
Source - Nordic TSOs Grid Connection Requests Statement (2026) — Joint Nordic TSO statement (2026-06-23; Svk/Fingrid/Energinet/Statnett); connection requests exceed existing+planned capacity Nordic-wide; few very large projects dominate; “first come first served” → maturity-based; DK ~8× peak load + calls for political prioritization; FI flexible connection agreements + power-based tariffs + permanent-FCA call; NO Energy Act amended for security-based prioritization + public request list; SE capacity-zones pilot in the coming year; flexibility + locational steering essential
Source - ERSE Parecer PDIRD-E 2024 — ERSE (Portugal’s NRA) April 2025 binding opinion on E-Redes’ PDIRD-E 2024 (distribution network development and investment plan, 2026–2030); €1,607.6M total investment; 7 deferrable flexibility projects (€27M) quantified; ERSE recommends deeper probabilistic planning and per-project CBA; acesso com restrições recommendation for storage operators; TOTEX revenue cap in force since 2022; Portugal most advanced EU country for DNDP flexibility quantification; NRA role stronger than Ei (binding opinion, can require amendments)
Source - E-Redes PDIRD-E 2024 Proposta Inicial — E-Redes’ initial PDIRD-E 2024 proposal (139pp, without annexes); §2.2 flexibility methodology: FIRMe probabilistic planning (DBSCAN/hierarchical clustering, Markov chains), reserve price concept (flexibility-specific benefits minus benefits lost from forgoing conventional investment; typically negative for efficient investments because conventional generates broad co-benefits); 95th-percentile planning approach; 7 projects with flexibility alternatives — 5 viable, 2 tested in market with no takers (Beja/Bragança), 1 deferred investment (SE Valença 2026→2029); MQS/PRA projects largely unsuitable (type I failure predominates)
Source - EC Study Distribution Grid NDP Tariffs and Connections 2025 — Fraunhofer ISI + Guidehouse + REKK for EC DG Energy (Aug 2025); comparative EU study on DNDPs, tariff structures for DER, and FCA practices; Sweden injection charges as EU leading practice (~16% cost recovery, locational mechanism); hybrid 2027 cost allocation model; FCAs predominantly temporary across EU (permanent allowed by Art. 6a but not practiced); chicken-and-egg barrier; EC formal anticipatory investment definition (June 2025); TOTEX + Ireland as best practices
Source - Energikontor Vast Smart Laddning Trollhattan (web) — Energikontor Väst web article (undated); Trollhättan Energi + Kraftstaden Fastigheter + Innovatum Science Park smart EV-charging load-control pilot; 10-second HAN-port metering; charging power must never drop to zero (session-end risk); non-open-standard chargers cannot be remotely controlled at all; framed as an organisational, not technical, challenge
Source - Mätning och Styrning Eleffekt Trollhättan Living Lab (2026) — the full Living Lab report behind the article above (Innovatum Science Park, Trollhättan Energi, Kraftstaden Fastigheter; Energimyndigheten co-financed); three test loops (200 kW max, 40 kW reduction, 99.9% of controllable resources); ≥10% peak reduction achieved, sessions cut >80% in some cases, 20–40% estimated headroom for more chargers; too little customer demand yet for a local flexibility market
Source - Energikontor Vast Preem Tech Park Lysekil (web) — Energikontor Väst web article (undated), summarizing a study of Preem Tech Park in Lysekil (LEVA, Lysekil kommun, Preem); a fictional scenario at a real site (Brofjorden) for a circular industrial park (fish farming, greenhouses, EV charging); scenario figures ~30 MW/103 GWh gross demand, ~32 MWp solar + ~23 MW wind local generation + ~8 MW flexibility, giving a minimal net rise in average power (~1 MW)
Source - Framtida Flexpotential Greenfield Lysekil (LEVA, 2026) — LEVA i Lysekil potential study (17pp, project Fyrbodal för framtidens flex, Jan 2026); fictional Preem Tech Park at Brofjorden because the real one is paused; component flexibility table (30.2 MW peak, −8.5 MW flexibility, 103 GWh/year), whole-system balance with existing Preem (70 MW) and Lysekil loads and 2027 solar (~31.5 MWp) and wind (~23 MWp), average power 81→82 MW; open questions on redundancy, storage size and existing line capacity
Source - ACER CEER DNDP Guidance (2025) — Joint ACER/CEER guidance on EU distribution network planning; NRA questionnaire across all EU MS; confirms DNDPs are “primary source of DSOs’ data” for FNA; Tabell 15 bridge; Sweden 1 of 4 EU countries with quantified flexibility; three-pillar framework; €50B/year distribution investment need
Source - CEER Electricity Smart Grid Performance Indicators (2026) — CEER paper C25-DS-98-7.1 (8 Jan 2026); follow-up to June 2024 ACER-CEER guidance; 14 output indicators across 6 distribution-relevant dimensions (RES integration, electrification, continuity/resilience, other quality of supply, energy efficiency, data availability) implementing Art. 59(1) Directive 2019/944; ~343 indicators reviewed across CEER members as evidence base; not mandatory/fully harmonized; NDP+business-plan+performance-framework “triptych”; six-stage NRA-led indicator development process
Source - DSO Entity DNDP Good Practices (2024) — EU DSO Entity Task Force TYNDP; June 2024 draft; model DNDP four-section structure; anticipatory investments concept; country comparison table (14 MS; Sweden absent); good practices from Netherlands, Germany, France
Source - EIFS 2024-1 Nätutvecklingsplaner (konsoliderad) — Ei’s binding DNDP regulation; mandatory template (§4.1); MW flex quantification required (§4.12); 5–10 year horizon definition; 6-week consultation minimum; 31 December deadline; amendment procedure and konsoliderad version requirement; consolidated through EIFS 2026:4
Source - Ei Nätutvecklingsplaner E-tjänst (2026) — Ei news item (1 Oct 2026); new DNDP reporting e-service opens 2 Nov 2026, plans for 2027–2036 due 31 Dec 2026; BankID login, PDF plan + consultation report + shapefile maps, drafts and resubmission; structured data for the Ei map service
Source - EIFS 2026-4 Ändring i EIFS 2024-1 (2026) — Ei amendment in force 30 April 2026; digital submission (1 kap. 4 §); six-item methodology description; historical comparison required; capacity analysis must document current flexibility service use (type + extent); investment reporting grounded in capacity forecasts; consultation summary integrated into DNDP; applies from 2027–2036 cycle
Source - Ei Karttjänst DNDP Data (2025) — Ei’s centralized DNDP data tool (Excel export); ~155 Swedish DSOs; four sheets: capacity forecasts, investment plans, flexibility needs (3 horizons), adequacy; Vattenfall N/A explained; Göteborg Energi 0–240 MW; Luleå Energi 10→305 MW/yr; E.ON “Nej” in 5 counties
Source - Ei PM2025-03 DNDP Sammanställning (2025) — Ei’s official synthesis of 152 first-round DNDP submissions (March 2025); company size categorization; aggregate flex needs Tabell 7 (277–1,030/640–1,883/1,387–2,523 MW) and Tabell 8 (three companies by direction); 15% considering flex markets; Ei forward agenda (bemyndigande, map tool, tillsyn, next cycle 2026)
Source - EU DSO Entity Technical Vision (2024) — EU DSO Entity’s strategic vision for DSO development (830+ DSOs, 250M+ customers, 27 MS); four development areas: Planning & Investment (€55–67bn/year, anticipatory investments, 10–20yr DNDP horizon), Market Facilitation, Operations & Maintenance, Resilience & Sustainability; Decentralized Data Space concept
Source - Energimyndigheten ER 2026-20 Uppdatering Långsiktiga Scenarier (2026) — Energimyndigheten update (June 2026) to national long-term scenarios (BAS/NORM/HETS vs. spring-2025 BP25 baseline, ER 2025:13); electricity prices rise faster to 2030 than BP25 (slower onshore wind buildout, rising demand), ease after 2035 as new nuclear now assumed from a fixed 2035 start; only NORM (350 TWh) justifies offshore wind + further new nuclear; district heating shrinks but less than BP25 projected, combustion-free heat (waste heat/heat pumps) up to ~half of production by 2060; sensitivity analysis: low renewable-fuel import prices flip Sweden from net exporter to net importer, easing biomass competition for district heating

Individual DSO plans

Source - E.ON Nätutvecklingsplan 2025-2034 — E.ON’s first mandatory DNDP (Dec 2024); ~700 MW / ~1 TWh stated flexibility need; county A/B/C capacity ratings; 246 investment projects; min. 23 BSEK by 2027; DLR deployment; villkorade avtal operational since March 2024
Source - E.ON Nätutvecklingsplan 2027-2036 (Preliminär) — E.ON’s second DNDP cycle, preliminary/pre-consultation (2026); 27 BSEK invested 2024–2027, 50+ projects commissioned since first DNDP, 216 planned, 73 under consideration; regional-grid costs up 50–75% (2021–2026) vs. ~20% CPI; refined lokalnät flexibility forecast split for the first time into ~340 MW upregulation / ~45 MW downregulation by 2036; SWITCH platform-wide volume trend 140→466→1,400 MWh over three seasons; new “flexibla avtal” instrument (permanent, battery-focused, distinct from villkorat avtal) under dialogue with Ei
Source - Kraftringen Nät Nätutvecklingsplan 2025-2034 — Kraftringen’s first-ever mandatory DNDP (2024); baseline pre-market, pre-ADMS state — first villkorat avtal just signed, no local flexibility market
Source - Kraftringen Nät Nätutvecklingsplan 2027-2036 (Samrådsversion) — Kraftringen’s second DNDP cycle, preliminary samrådsversion (2026); 8 delområden, 2,500 km², ~103,000 subscriptions, E.ON as overlying regionnät; first local flexibility market planned 2027 in Lund (~100 hrs/year winter-peak constraint); ADMS rollout starting 2027 across all delområden — independently corroborates the same-month DNO→DSO LinkedIn essay’s ADMS argument; quantified flex need Lund 3→8 MW, Ringsjö 0.5→1 MW, “SKN” row 2→5 MW (identity confirmed via Skånska Energi Nät’s own DNDP, see below)
Source - Skånska Energi Nät Nätutvecklingsplan 2027-2036 (Samrådsversion) — small independent Lund-area DSO’s DNDP (2026), ingested to resolve Kraftringen’s “SKN” data gap; confirms SKN is Skånska Energi Nät’s own official network-area designation (400 km², 20,600 subscriptions, kapacitetsläge C), geographically interlocking with Kraftringen’s Lund delområde; mechanism for its appearance in Kraftringen’s own flex-need table still unstated in either document
Source - Ellevio Bilaga B Samrådsredogörelse (2024) — Consultation report for Ellevio DNDP; 41 responses; Täby forecast validated; Falun 50 kV issue added; municipal granularity deferred to future editions
Source - Ellevio Nätutvecklingsplan 2025-2034 — Ellevio’s first mandatory DNDP; 17 delområden; consumption/production forecast tables 2025–2034; Tabell 3 flexibility needs (Värmland 0–320 MW, Skaraborg 0–450 MW production, Stockholm 0–130 MW); no active flex markets; four current tools (villkorade avtal, tillfälliga abonnemang, effektabonnemang, produktionsgaranti)
Source - Ellevio Nätutvecklingsplan 2027-2036 (Samrådsversion) — Ellevio’s second DNDP cycle (2026); 2,568 MW consumption + 2,497 MW production growth to 2036; first DNDP-native aggregate flex need (180–320 MW, 2032–2036); scope expanded to include local (not just overlying-grid) flex needs; stance unchanged (“early on the maturity ladder,” no market-based solutions anywhere)
Source - GENAB Nätutvecklingsplan 2025-2034 (2024) — GENAB’s (Göteborg Energi Nät) DNDP 2025–2034; three-delområde forecasts (Area A: 567→951 MW, +92%; B: +12%; C: +21%); flex need in MW + GWh/yr + hours/yr + occasions/yr (richest Swedish quantification); five-step planning hierarchy; Kapacitetsprogrammet; least-worst-regret methodology; villkorade avtal (1 MW threshold, “last resort” philosophy); plannable CHP/gas turbine production; Effekthandel Väst origin confirmed (V2021/22)
Source - Svk Network Development Plan 2026-2035 — Svenska kraftnät’s ten-year grid plan; investment motives, demand scenarios (135→200–343 TWh), connection queue, NordSyd, HVDC, conditional connections
Source - Vattenfall Eldistribution Nätutvecklingsplan 2025-2034 — Vattenfall’s first mandatory DNDP (Dec 2024); five areas; 11,000 MW + 7,500 MW growth; no market-based flex (only villkorade avtal); UppFlex and sthlmflex pilots closed; 0.27 vs 4–8 MSEK/MW/yr cost comparison; 22 major investment projects
Source - Vattenfall Eldistribution Nätutvecklingsplan 2027-2036 (Samrådsversion) — Vattenfall’s second DNDP cycle (2026); same 0.27 vs 4–8 MSEK/MW/yr cost comparison repeated unchanged; ~11 miljarder SEK/yr investment figure (new); stance language softens from “no conditions anywhere” to “does not rule out” market-based flexibility; new FlexConnect EV fast-charging pilot
Source - VF NUP Bilaga 1 Prognos Lokalnät per Kommun — Municipality-level local grid forecast annex to Vattenfall DNDP; ~90 municipalities; incremental kW 2025-2034; Stockholm 28→154 MW, Uppsala 16→100 MW, Norrbotten 18→75 MW local growth

Regional planning syntheses

Source - Effektprognoser Skåne Region Skåne (2025) — Region Skåne, December 2025; power demand forecasts for all 33 Skåne municipalities 2022→2040; Skåne total +40% power / +30% electricity by 2040; transport demand ×16 (power), ×22 (electricity); residential demand declines; Burlöv +77%/+94%, Bjuv +54%/+47%; Energiforsk lathund methodology; portal: effektprognoser.se; Effektkommission project
Source - Nätutvecklingsplaner i Skåne 2025-2034 Region Skåne (2025) — Region Skåne, May 2025; synthesis of all 20 Skåne DSO NUPs; capacity table all companies (Höganäs +3.75% to Trelleborgs Elnät +100%); flex timelines: Ystad 10 MW 2027, Österlens 10 MW 2028, Bjäre Kraft 5 MW LFM 2030; E.ON regionnet as structural bottleneck; solar reverse-flow problem (Sjöbo, Skurups, Södra Hallands, Österlens); methodology fragmentation finding; punktlaster as primary forecast uncertainty; Svk SE4 packages (Arrie/Sege/Trelleborg Östra, >1,000 MW long-term)
Source - Svk Regional NUP Mellansverige (2026) — Svk regional transmission NUP (2026-06-22) for Gävleborg, Örebro, Dalarna, Värmland, Västmanland, Uppsala; NordSyd build-out (four “ben”: Uppsala/Västerås/Karlstad/Hallsbergsbenet); series-compensated 400 kV → non-compensated doubles to enable new station connections; six connection sub-areas A–F classified by suitability, A/D/E/F flagged flexibility-suitable; snitt 2 (SE2→SE3) as defining constraint with growing east–west flows

TSO strategy and investment plans

Source - Svk Strategi mot 2030 (2026) — Svk strategic direction document (Jan 2026, 22pp); vision “ett hållbart och lysande Sverige”; five förflyttningsområden: leveranssäkerhet, elnät i takt med behov (4,000 km / 10 yr; halve lead times), framtidens elmarknad (capacity mechanisms, tariff reform, 15-min settlement), accelererad digitalisering, ökad förmåga; planning for ≥300 TWh by 2045; flexibility and storage explicitly named as growing priority
Source - Hansa PowerBridge Avslag (Regeringen och Svk, 2024) — Government press release (14 Jun 2024) + Svk news item (3 Jul 2024): concession for the SE4–Germany HVDC line rejected because the German market gives incorrect price signals (no bidding zones matching its bottlenecks); Svk ends the project; not a permanent ban
Source - Svk Utlandskablar Uppdrag Reviderad Investeringsplan (2026) — Groups web clipping (2026-05-08) + Regeringsbeslut I:6 (2026-05-07, KN2026/01027); Svk ordered to submit revised 2027–2029 investment plan by 31 Jul 2026 with Konti-Skan Connect, Aurora Line 2, and Fenno-Skan 3 excluded; political context: objections to EU nätpaketet (Dec 2025) — flaskhalsinkomster restrictions + EU-level system planning centralization; deadline for socioeconomic analyses if projects are to be reinstated; revised plan submitted 17 June 2026 (Konti-Skan Connect paused; Aurora Line 2 / Fenno-Skan 3 excluded pending analysis; ~318 bn kr lifetime / ~67.6 bn kr 2027–2029)
Source - Svk Verksamhetsplan 2026-2028 — Government budget submission (budgetunderlag); 56,800 MSEK investments 2026–2028 (15,400 / 20,200 / 21,200 MSEK by year); total 2025–2030 ~125 billion SEK; Hansa PowerBridge cancelled; no new borrowing until 2030 (52 billion SEK at Riksgälden); congestion revenues 86 billion SEK expected 2025–2030 (SE2–SE3 border dominant); transmission tariff flat 2025–2026, +20% in 2027, +10%/yr thereafter; systemansvar fees declining 35%; civilplikt 1,000 personnel by 2028; four business areas (transmissionsnät/systemansvar/telekom/elberedskap)
Source - Svk Systemutvecklingsplan 2022-2031 — Grid development plan (published Nov 2021); comprehensive EU network codes overview (RfG/DCC/HVDC/SO GL/ER/CACM/FCA/NC DR/GLBE-EB); NordSyd bottleneck analysis; 2030–2035 demand scenarios (superseded by LMA2024); effektreserv section (superseded by Lag 2025:50); still useful as regulatory framework reference

TSO market analysis

Source - Svk LMA2026 Långsiktig Marknadsanalys — Fifth long-term market analysis to 2050 (17 June 2026, 174pp, BID3, 44 weather years); four scenarios LF/MM/HP/HF; Swedish 2050 demand 192–333 TWh (revised down from LMA2024’s 209–365); nuclear lifetime extension in all scenarios; SE1 becomes highest-priced zone in high-demand scenarios; Snitt 1 reinforcement value rises / Snitt 2 falls post-NordSyd; rising reserve/balancing costs (FFR/FRR); flexibility decisive for adequacy (shortage hours without price-responsive H2 demand); low rotational energy → grid-forming/synthetic inertia/synchronous condensers; HVDC-non-renewal sensitivity; planeringsscenario (MM closest) from autumn 2026 → see Long-Term Market Analysis
Source - Svk LMA2024 Långsiktig Marknadsanalys — Long-term market analysis to 2050; four scenarios (SF 200 / FM 250 / EP 343 / EF 342 TWh/yr 2045); BID3 model replacing EMPS; SE1 price flip in EP/EF (becomes most expensive zone by 2040–2045); demand flexibility ESSENTIAL for adequacy in high-electrification scenarios (hundreds–1,000+ shortage hours/yr without EV/H2 flexibility); Snitt 1 highest-marginal-value reinforcement across all scenarios; nuclear doubles to ~110 TWh/yr in EP
Source - Svk KMA2025 Kortsiktig Marknadsanalys — Short-term market analysis 2026–2030; EMPS + Samnett models; 35 weather years; Swedish demand revised downward vs KMA2022 (industrial delays); SE1 prices converging toward SE2; SE3–SE4 bottleneck dominant; flow-based market coupling confirmed October 2024; aFRR volumes expected to double; Sweden near-neutral trade balance 2026–2030

TSO connection planning

Source - Svk Planering för ökad elanvändning (2025) — Svk report (KN2025/00635, Feb 2025) establishing four localization principles for production/consumption/flexibility siting; two regional long-term plans (Norrbotten/Västerbotten, Skåne); snitt 1 target 7,500 MW by 2045; snitt 4 norrgående target 3,600 MW by 2045; TSO-DSO cooperation structure with five regional companies; national målnät 2045 ambition; geographic framework for the Anvisningssystem
Source - Svk Uppdrag Anslutningsprocessen Regeringsbeslut (2025) — Government decision (KN2025/01694, 2025-09-04, signed Ebba Busch + Jan-Olof Lundgren) assigning Svk to develop the anvisningssystem; Accelerationskontoret named as consultation party; parliamentary goals (300 TWh by 2045, leveranssäkerhetsmål) adopted 29 May 2024; backstory of prior 2023 assignments
Source - Svk Anslutningsprocessen Rapport (2026) — Svk government assignment report (Dnr 2025/5008, 2026-04-29); proposes anvisningssystem with kapacitetszoner extending offshore wind allocation model to land-based connections; intressentpooler replacing queue logic; fossil-free production requirements for large-scale users under investigation; linked applications (matchning); ansökningsplattform investigation (reversed 2024 position); mandatory tripartite dialogue; PPAs as connection condition verification; capacity threshold clarification (100/300 MW are planning benchmarks, not hard requirements); harmonized referral template recommended
Source - Svk Anslutningsprocessen Webb (2025) — Svk public info page (published 2025-11-05) on government assignment; five-area scope; three overarching goals (300 TWh by 2045, leveranssäkerhet, 100% fossil-free by 2040); anvisningssystem ambition 2027; kostnadsfördelningsvägledning as separate deliverable; companion report Planering för ökad elanvändning (KN2025/00635) as localization baseline
Source - Svk Mogna Initiativ Anslutning (2026) — Svk news article (18 June 2026) on the connection process; connection queue halved, förhandsbesked lead time cut ~30%, >5,000 MW förhandsbesked in 2025/early 2026; maturity requirements + active follow-up (2024); kapacitetskarta and mandatory trepartsdialog for some regional-grid connections; anvisningssystem with kapacitetszoner — pilot H1 2027; PPAs/commitments to couple new consumption to production and flexibility
Source - Svk Villkorade Anslutningsavtal Förstudie (2025) — Svk pre-study on conditional connection agreements at transmission level (23 Jun 2025): curtailment condition, nätvärn, no separate queue, selection criteria, no fee relief
Source - Agora Deloitte Data Centre Flexibility in Europe (2026) — Agora Energiewende/Deloitte study (Apr 2026): data centres as grid assets; Mandated Flexibility (1.5 % of hours, 4 GW less thermal capacity) and Open-EU scenarios, FCA template recommendations
Source - Affärsvärlden Uniper Bidders and Data Centres (2026) — Affärsvärlden article on the Uniper sale (Swedish hydro and nuclear stakes) and data-centre investors as bidders: existing connected generation as a shortcut around queues, Swedish data-centre capacity forecast, Finnish connection-ranking proposal
Source - Regeringsuppdrag Prissäkring Elmarknaden (2026) — Regeringsbeslut KN2026/01425 (2026-06-25) assigning Ei + Svk to propose price-hedging (prissäkring) measures, incl. whether long-term PPAs can let large new users jump the connection queue if they bring matching new fossil-free production; builds on Svk’s April 2026 report and SOU 2025:47; report due 3 June 2027
Source - Svk Kapacitetskarta 2026 — Svk’s first public capacity map (launched May 2026); county-level indicative available capacity on the transmission grid; ArcGIS Feature Service queried 2026-05-27 (snapshot 2026-03-02); 21 counties, 8 capacity columns (2026 indicative + 2027–2035 tilldelad/reserverad/ansökt for uttag/inmatning); Norrbottens 22,750 MW ansökt uttag (industrial electrification queue); Stockholm 0 MW near-term uttag; northern counties 500+ MW headroom; precursor to anvisningssystem kapacitetszoner; monthly updates from June 2026
Source - Vattenfall Eldistribution Kapacitetskarta (2026) — Vattenfall Eldistribution’s first capacity map (press release 9 Jun 2026 plus web page): node-level in the regional grid, indicative and non-binding, consumption 1-50 MW, production 1-120 MW, storage 1-40/50 MW (texts differ)
Source - Ellevio Elnätskapacitet Regionnät (2026) — Ellevio’s regional capacity pages (Halland, Gävleborg, Bohuslän read; Aug 2026): situation, forecasts to 2034, reinforcement projects, connection-case tables; indicative ranges; dependence on Vattenfall and Svk upstream
Source - E.ON Kapacitetskompassen (2026) — E.ON’s Kapacitetskompassen (updated 15 Sep 2026): connection-request statistics by county and municipality for cases above 200 kW; national figures 1,080 requests, solar 20,390 MW, wind 4,490 MW (30 Jun 2026)
Source - Rejlers Kapacitetskartor för Elnätsföretag (2026) — Rejlers consultancy article (7 Oct 2026, vendor material) on meeting the 27 a § capacity-information duty without a new system: separate public information model, quarterly updates, guidance not connection decision
Source - Svk Ansökningskö Statistik (2026-09) — Svk connection-queue statistics per 1 Sep 2026 (offshore wind excluded): applied consumption 25,992 MW and production 20,456 MW; data centres 6,984 MW (SE3 5,169 MW); reserved capacity per year 2020–Aug 2026; dated snapshot, three pages
Source - DN Googles Datacenter Torsboda Timrå (2026) — DN (9 Sep 2026) on Google’s planned AI data centre at Torsboda, Timrå: contract up to 2 GW (1 GW discussed, in phases), E.ON must connect and build a new heavy line, local approval, calls for co-financing of new generation; news report, contract not public

Methodology

Source - Energiforsk 2024-1043 DNDP Analys och Flexibilitet (2024) — Hartvigsson & Steen (Endre, April 2024); automation index for DNDP sub-tasks (flexibility need forecast = index 9, highest priority); “what-if” scenario method for EV charging behavior (direct/price-optimized/grid-friendly); Stockholm case study 20–450 kW / 6–427 h/yr; ~4 SEK/kW grid upgrade benchmark; Excel dominates DSO workflow; 1 FTE per 40–80k connections
Source - Energiforsk 2026-1157 Nationell Metod Effekt och Kapacitetsprognoser (2026) — Andersson & Olssén / Sigholm (January 2026); Phase 1 national top-down forecasting method for Swedish DSOs; 50-DSO survey (32% no methodology, 40% no power templates, 36% no validation); top-down method from official national data sources; rooftop solar + home EV charging worked examples; data platform MVP concept; Netherlands and Norway international lessons
Source - Energiforsk 2026-1168 AI-modeller Prognostisering Efterfrågan El (2026) — Sätfeld & Popoff (RISE, 2026); PREDATOR sub-report 1; 4 workshops / 8 Swedish DSOs; many DSOs lack data-driven forecasting models; DSOs want holistic end-to-end solutions; analyze-aggregate-extrapolate framework; DESGRID follow-up project planned; corrected 2026-08-17 (author names, workshop 3 date, funding-delay cause)
Source - Gerholm Lindstrom EV Fast-Charging Peak-Load Forecasting (2026) — Gerholm & Lindström (Lund University), Energy and AI 25 (2026) 100866, open access; Öresundskraft fast-charging data (33 stations, NW Skåne, Jan 2025–Mar 2026); cold-start peak-load prediction for planned stations with no history, from pre-construction metadata only; K-means shape clustering + quantile random-forest magnitude prediction; 99th-percentile prediction covers 93.4% of observed peaks; smaller stations harder to predict
Source - Wiss Utvärdering av Lastprognoser CoordiNet Uppsala (2023) — Wiss (UPTEC STS 23006, Uppsala University, Feb 2023), supervised by Vattenfall Eldistribution R&D; evaluates CoordiNet Uppsala’s ML load forecasts; CoordiNet was Vattenfall Eldistribution’s first-ever grid load forecast for that area; forecasting fully outsourced to Expektra, leaving the company without detailed internal understanding of its own forecasts; SGU deviation and cleared flexibility bids dominate forecast error; error counterintuitively decreases at high load
Source - Expektra Website (2026) — company website; AI-driven automated electricity forecasting/trading; provided CoordiNet Uppsala’s load forecasts; two SamspEL-funded forecasting-support R&D projects for grid companies (2017–2020)
Source - Vitec Energy Aiolos Website (2026) — product/release-notes website; Aiolos Forecast Studio, commercial load-forecasting software (intraday to multi-year, electricity/gas/district heating); actively developed (API, battery optimization, expanded weather data); a stale (2017) market-share figure found elsewhere was deliberately not used
Source - OpenSTEF LF Energy Website (2026) — LF Energy project website; open-source Python STLF toolkit originated at Dutch DSO Alliander for congestion forecasting; the open-source option in the DSO build-vs-buy forecasting landscape
Source - Linux Foundation OpenGrid Launch (2026) — Linux Foundation press release (7 Oct 2026): OpenGrid, an open source shared data and interoperability layer for grid planning (standards, APIs, data hub, translator planned 2027); aspirational launch, no Nordic actor named
Source - Svk Så Säkrar Elförsörjningen Södra Sverige (2026) — Svk web page; three Malmö-area 400 kV renewals complete (Hurva–Sege 2021, Barsebäck–Sege 2023, Söderåsen–Barsebäck 2024), constraints to Malmö “long-term resolved,” not limiting for ~next decade; “Skåne Syd” package adds >1,000 MW secure capacity (2× Greater Malmö consumption), projects planned 2036–2045; east-coast Ekhyddan–Nybro–Hemsjö reinforcement also planned
Source - Svk Ny Strategisk Inriktning Elförsörjning Gotland (2026) — Svk press release; two new 220 kV submarine cables to Gotland, operational 2030, explicit totalförsvar framing; island/off-grid operation capability explicitly NOT part of this decision — “further studies” to determine additional robustness measures; clarifies Gotland’s 3-month island-operation target remains at planning/analysis stage, not funded

H — Villkorade avtal and conditional connections

Rules, DSO implementations, platform documentation for conditional connection agreement management.

Regulatory and industry guidance

Source - E.ON Guide villkorade avtal (2025) — E.ON’s guide to conditional connection agreements; operational timeline, technical requirements (OpenADR 3.0, SWITCH), relationship to flexibility markets
Source - Ei Inspel Tillgänglig Kapacitet (2026) — Ei news (2026-09-15); early call for input (deadline 7 Oct 2026, ärende 2026–104346) on whether DSOs’ available-capacity information for new connections needs further föreskrifter/guidance; reproduces 27 a § Förordning (2022:585) (quarterly, geographically detailed, includes conditional-connection possibility and calculation basis), carried into elmarknadslagen 6 kap. 16 § from 1 Jan 2027
Source - Ei R2024-05 Informationsdelning Anslutning (2024) — Ei R2024:05 (26 Mar 2024), ten proposals on information sharing in connection applications; capacity information section: Svk to develop a national capacity map, queue and capacity publication by DSOs; international survey (14 of 16 countries, Fingrid, Glitre Nett, WattApp, Energinet)
Source - Ei Villkorade avtal (2023) — Ei R2023:08; authoritative legal analysis classifying villkorade avtal as non-market-based redispatching; Art. 13(3) exceptions, annual reassessment requirement, no outage compensation
Source - Ei Ställningstagande Ei2025-01 Villkorade avtal (2025) — Ei’s first ställningstagande, now at Version 1.1 (updated 2026-06-26): four positions (DSO with physical constraint bears obligation; Ei must approve method before signing; activation requires per-dispatch assessment after gate closure; only permitted where actual capacity shortage exists; Art. 6a national framework pending); v1.1 adds a post-signing reassessment duty when circumstances change (e.g. new market products become available — cross-references the Dec 2025 approval) and a granular NC DR adoption timeline (ACER→consultation→comitology→ECBC vote)
Source - CEER Grid Connection Challenges (2026) — CEER paper C25-DS-100-06 (24 June 2026); queue management allocation-procedure taxonomy (first-come/first-ready-first-served, auction, repartition, gradual, priority lists) + anti-hoarding measures; EU FCA survey (network charge discounts AT/BE/DK/DE/NL tariff, DK/EE/NO connection charge, FI/FR/PT none); Spain RD-Law 7/2026 + Circular 1/2024 four FCA types; Finland Energiavirasto temporary/permanent FCA regulation; European Grids Package Art. 17 mandatory-FCA-offer amendment proposal; flags an internal date discrepancy on the Art. 6a transposition deadline
Source - Energiföretagen Branschrekommendation Conditional Grid Connections (2023) — Original 2023 industry recommendation; protocol evaluation (OpenADR vs OSCP vs IEEE 2030.5 vs IEC 61850-7-420); E.ON+Vattenfall PoC; 15-minute period established; proprietary API removal timeline
Source - Energiföretagen Branschrekommendation Web (2025) — Energiföretagen announcement page for the supplement; Ellevio and E.ON industry quotes; working group context
Source - Energiföretagen Supplement Conditional Grid Connections (2025) — 2025 supplement; OpenADR 3.0.1; two production variants (E.ON: CONSUMPTION_POWER_LIMIT PT15M; Ellevio: SIMPLE Curtail/Restore PT20M); heartbeat monitoring patterns
Source - SINTEF PN26-00117 Tilknytning Ladestasjoner Med Vilkar (2026) — SINTEF Energi Prosjektnotat (Moum/Bjerkehagen, 12 Jun 2026, 28pp; MegaCharge/Grønn Plattform); Norway’s first wiki source — TMV (Norway’s villkorade-avtal equivalent) for EV charging operators specifically; lack of standardization is the top scaling barrier; 5–10% minimum supply and 1–2h advance notice both disproportionately valuable; explicitly benchmarks Sweden’s Energiföretagen OpenADR recommendation as the model to learn from, incl. why narrow scoping (protocol choice separated from contract terms) made consensus achievable

SWITCH platform documentation

Source - SWITCH API Swagger v3.14 Full (2026) — Full platform API (v3.14.0.0, 157 paths / 288 schemas / 27 tags) at the unlinked dev-api.switchmarket.se/swagger; the v3.13 entry below is its FSP-facing subset. New beyond v3.13: automated-trading layer (automated purchasing + availability-order creation per market, rolling windows, remainingDemandPenalty willingness-to-pay ceiling, KPI tracking); 5-state resource-qualification workflow (New/Amended/Approved/Rejected/ChangesRequested + message thread, managedByOrganizationId aggregator delegation); substation operation deviations + breach-detection suspensions; impact as writable first-class entity; market/zone/substation CRUD confirming administered multi-tenancy; schedulable baseline definitions. Evidences absence across 288 schemas: zero hits for tso, systemOperator, prequalification, traffic, adjacent, consecutive, cim, fis — no counterparty system operator anywhere in the model
Source - SWITCH API Swagger v3.13 (2026) — OpenAPI 3.0.4 spec v3.13.0.0; 25 endpoints / 7 tags; feature tier architecture (Grid/ResourceManagement/DecisionSupport/Settlements); ProductType enum (LfmA/LfmD/LfmP/ConditionalAgreements); ResourcePodType taxonomy (Battery/DistrictHeating/ElectricVehicleCharger/HeatPump/ReservePower); HighXofY as undocumented third baseline algorithm; villkorade avtal API fields; 10-state delivery validation pipeline; zone-level time resolution (hourly/quarterly)
Source - SWITCH DSO Onboarding Guide (user.switchmarket.se, 2026) — Public web guide for DSOs using SWITCH; data requirements (actuals + forecasts + limits must be pushed by DSO via API); forecast horizons by product; third-party forecast providers explicitly acknowledged; ten-step onboarding sequence
Source - SWITCH Marknadsdata (info.switchmarket.se, 2026) — Empirical market data from E.ON’s public SWITCH portal; all seasons V2023/24–V2025/26; 4→9→12 markets; Södra Skåne dominant; thin market problem (6/11 markets zero clearing in V2025/26); Bålsta emergent (22.7% fill); Sommar 2025 Halland production market. Estimated total TO availability revenue V2025/26: ~12.07M SEK gross awarded, ~9.66M SEK estimated paid at 80% realization
Source - SWITCH CSV Exports V2025-26 (2026) — 9 per-market CSV exports from info.switchmarket.se (TO/LFM-h + ST/LFM-p), V2025/26; hourly availability + activation volumes and prices. Computed: total activation ~1,400 MWh; volume-weighted activation price ~5,757 SEK/MWh (~4,100 ex-Hässleholm; Hässleholm ~16,000 on 194 MWh); largest volumes Bålsta 458, NÖ Skåne 331, Södra Skåne 408 (TO+ST); total activation revenue ~8.06M SEK. Settles that the 3,000–3,500 “clustering” is the LFM-h availability rate (Model A fixed pricing), not the activation price
Source - SWITCH User Documentation (2026) — Official platform user docs (90 pp, 2026-04-06); products ST/TO/DO with exact trading windows; 75% delivery threshold; DIS procurement method; MBMA baseline; DSO role taxonomy; OpenADR VTN/VEN villkorade avtal; Df compensation formula

I — Local flexibility markets

Market surveys, individual market and DSO reports, demonstration projects, platform data, theoretical foundations.

International markets

Source - E-Redes FIRMe Programme — Two E-Redes web clippings (e-redes.pt, 2025); FIRMe = Integrated Flexibility in a Market Regime; Portugal’s operational local flexibility market on Piclo platform; 3 products: Dynamic (maintenance), Secure (congestion), Restore (post-fault restoration); 17 zones; second auction Nov 2025: 23 providers, 163 qualified assets, 82.9 MW, 4,117 bids (~7× first auction), 94 aggregator-operated assets; 2-year bilateral contracts; 10 kW minimum bid; one of 7 operational EU live LFMs
Source - Cerius Radius Trefor Markedsbaseret Fleksibilitet Pilot (2025-2026) — Danish DSO metodeanmeldelse (Cerius A/S + Radius Elnet A/S, 15pp) filed with Forsyningstilsynet, plus two web clippings; 2025 pilot procuring flexibility at main transformer stations as an alternative to reinforcement; two distinct models tested in parallel (Cerius-Radius: availability + activation payment, 15-min notice; TREFOR El-net: fixed-price standing capacity ceiling); legal basis Elforsyningsloven §73a stk. 2 / EU EMR Art. 18; approval pending, addendum of 27 Feb 2026 sets pilot duration

Surveys and comparative studies

Source - DSO Entity Distributed Flexibility Practices (2026) — DSO Entity EG DF report (approved 5 Feb 2026); ~30 experts / ~19 countries; 7 country cases: France, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, Norway, UK (corrected 2026-09-06 — an earlier version of this page had fabricated Belgium/Finland/Germany/Spain case studies that don’t exist in the report); 11 recommendations (R1–R11) + 5 critical regulatory actions (A1–A5, correctly mapped); E.ON 130% overbooking + flex contracts until 2029; Effekthandel Väst ~30 SPs + 5 baseline methods; CoordiNet coordination confirmed discontinued; national Swedish product standardisation approved by Ei December 2025
Source - smartEn LCP Delta Reflecting on the Future (2026) — LCP Delta report for smartEn (Sep 2026), sponsored by The Mobility House Energy; three qualitative EU scenarios for demand-side flexibility in 2035 (Directional Diversity, Fractious Fragmentation, Transitioning Together) built from literature and smartEn member interviews, no model; value today mainly in TSO ancillary services; warns of FCA/tariff/direct-control lock-in starving local markets of liquidity; recommends supporting early markets and prioritising liquidity over perfect design; industry-advocacy perspective, nothing Sweden-specific
Source - Glava Energy Center Arvika Flex Pilot (2026) — Two Glava Energy Center articles (reference-group kickoff + results, 17 Apr 2026); Energiforsk-financed small-DSO flexibility-mapping methodology pilot; Arvika Elnät (via Teknik i Väst) case study; Ellevio + Ei reference group; Flexia Consulting calculations; power-demand data 2020–2025 + large-customer interviews; subscription-level review (not automatic reduction) as the actionable lever
Source - EC LFM Specification and Design Criteria (VITO, 2025) — EC-commissioned final report (VITO, Nov 2025); 37 EU LFM initiatives; only 7 fully operational live markets (Sweden 2 of 7); four TSO-DSO coordination models (Separate/Sequential/Common/P2P); three-tier success features (ST no-regret / ST transitional / MT target); TOTEX reform as EU structural prerequisite; independent aggregation models moved to EB GL; EC endorsement of capacity-limit products as baseline alternative
Source - FlexAbility Delrapport 1 (2025) — FlexAbility sub-report 1 (Power Circle et al., Oct 2025); four-category flexibility taxonomy; quantified Swedish needs to 2030; technical potentials for 14 resource types at hourly timescale; marginal cost supply curves; local DSO DNDP aggregate (277–2,523 MW); E.ON market needs table
Source - FlexAbility Delrapport 2 (2025) — FlexAbility sub-report 2 (Power Circle, Oct 2025); historical price data all Swedish flex markets all seasons (Tabell 6–8); balancing market economic values; FCR marginal pricing Feb 2024; price forecasts to 2030; villkorade avtal workshop scores; DSO toolkit survey; nine structural conditions for flex development
Source - FlexAbility Delrapport 3 (2025) — FlexAbility sub-report 3 (Plexigrid + Ellevio, Oct 2025); quantified DSO value cases (utnyttjandegrad 10,711 SEK/MWh; subscription optimization 122,000 SEK/MWh first MW; bus depot 26,000 SEK/yr vs 22 MSEK grid upgrade); generalized transformer upgrade cost (avg 1.09 MSEK/MW); V2G LV stress thresholds (80–90% Stockholm suburb; 30–40% southern reference); TOTEX reform nuance
Source - FlexAbility Delrapport 4 (2025) — FlexAbility sub-report 4 (Uppsala University USER group, Oct 2025); 2,872-respondent household survey; DCE contract preferences for heating/EV/batteries; economic incentives dominate (#1: earn money); autonomy is non-negotiable; knowledge deficit not a significant barrier; 65% of home battery owners use aggregator; apartment dwellers structurally excluded
Source - FlexAbility Delrapport 5 (2025) — FlexAbility sub-report 5 (Power Circle + Uppsala University, Nov 2025); 60 interviews + workshop; ~250 barriers in 3 areas; BSP deferred to 2028 (worst deterioration, +300 MW blocked); FCR-D 60→3,000 activations/year (September 2023); implicit flex systemic risk; intäktsreglering ranked #1 barrier (38 pts); Ei + Svk most responsible actors
Source - Local Flexibility Markets in Europe Critical Review (2025)
Source - Nordic Energy Research 2025-03 Current Utilisation of Flexibility in the Nordics — Nordic comparative study (THEMA/COWI/CIT Renergy/Motiva); 45 DSF initiatives mapped; 10 case studies incl. Sthlmflex (discontinued), Effekthandel Väst (permanent), E.ON 9 markets; Sweden = only Nordic country with permanent DSF; power tariff perverse incentive; intäktsregleringen as #1 structural barrier; aggregators as essential market infrastructure
Source - Sweco Kartläggning av lokala flexibilitetsmarknader (Ei, 2025) — Sweco’s 2025 mapping of all 7 Swedish flex markets for Ei; 3 active/4 closed; actor composition; 10 NC DR implementation recommendations; interview study with all actor roles

Individual market and DSO reports

Source - CheckWatt Website (2025-2026) — Five CheckWatt clippings (main site June 2025 + About Us, Services, FAQ, EnergyInBalance news feed April 2026); 15,000+ customers, ~100 MW FCR-D (1/5 Swedish market), 300+ MW total aggregated; CM10/EnergyInBalance platform; €5/month + 20% fee; BRP intermediary in Sweden vs direct Fingrid/Energinet in Finland/Denmark; mFRR started May 2025 (Bixia BRP); aFRR ombud enabled Jan 2025 (not yet delivered); operating modes (CheckWatt Optimized / Savings); zone-level winter 2025/26 local flex revenues (357–2,703 SEK per 10 kWh battery); failed Emaldo acquisition
Source - CoordiNet D4.7.2 Swedish Demonstration (2022) — Final report of the Swedish CoordiNet demonstration; four demonstration areas (Uppland, Skåne, Gotland, Västernorrland/Jämtland); market outcomes; SWITCH platform architecture; ten abilities framework; availability contracts; FCR-D vs mFRR for batteries; subscription mechanism as market driver
Source - BeFlexible D5.1 Demo Planning and Deployment (2024) — BeFlexible WP5 demo planning report; V2023/24 market parameters (Hässleholm 2 MW, S.Skåne 10 MW, Stockholm 0.5–1 MW/NODES); product evolution from “Free Bids/Availability Orders” to DO/TO/ST; direct procurement limit (1.2 MSEK) driving DIS; TFT forecasting model; Sjölunda heat pump delivery (57 MWh / 6 activations); baseline tampering incident and fix; villkorade avtal queue-jumping mechanism
Source - BeFlexible D5.2 Demo Planning and Deployment 2 (2025) — BeFlexible WP5 second preparation report; 12 markets (25.2/59.5 MW preliminary prequalified/need); Halland full design (50% cutoff, 08:30, 32.5 MW); D-2 10:30 trading time change; SWITCH 2025 features (Dremio, downregulation, forecast eval, seasonal availability); Heat Flex 20% savings; DH 36 MW multimarket; EC Sweden illegality confirmed; balancing market outlook
Source - BeFlexible Technology Booklet (2026) — EU-wide, non-technical BeFlexible project summary (all 3 regional demos: Italy, Sweden, Spain/France); North Europe demo states 67.5 MW prequalified capacity by 2025/26 (vs D5.2’s 25.2 MW, likely a later post-season snapshot); residential-HeatFlex framing; confirms SWITCH’s lineage from CoordiNet/OneNet/EUniversal; GDBN, STL/DTL and other non-Swedish-demo tools summarised for context only
Source - E.ON Flexibilitet i elnätet (web, 2025) — E.ON’s live flexibility market page; 12 active SWITCH market areas (Alvesta new for 2026/2027); 0.1 MWh/h minimum; two-part payment; prequalification process; smart-meter integration; public market data at switchmarket.se (rescanned 2026-06-22; verbatim quotes paraphrased)
Source - E.ON Webinar Lokala Flexibilitetsmarknader 2026-2027 (2026) — E.ON’s 2026/2027 season webinar (Christensson/Kalhori); most detailed public account of SWITCH markets; 25/26 outcomes (record demand, 3 of 11 markets with no active suppliers, ~5,800 SEK/MWh avg activation); three products (Säsong/TO/DO) with remuneration figures (3,500/5,800 SEK/MW/h; 236k/354k seasonal); 75% delivery threshold + no penalty fees; impact-factor worked example; Halland summer intraday pilot
Source - E.ON Projekt Halland (web, 2025) — Sweden’s first production-load flexibility market; summer 2025 pilot in Halland; SWITCH platform; lowest-price-per-MWh auction; five named participants; solar/wind overproduction problem; no comparable local market exists. Updated with full pilot results (E.ON’s own report, 6 Aug 2025): only 2 of 5 launch participants actually traded; 32.5 MW qualified, 554 MWh delivered, ~123 MWh net relief (~21,000 SEK/MWh DSO-perspective cost after impact-factor conversion), 97.6% response rate, 99.4% delivery quality; effektavgift exposure and imbalance-cost risk explain low/day-ahead-only turnout; Sommarpilot 2026 plans intraday trading post-spot with a post-activation balancing window
Source - Effekthandel Väst Onboarding Info (2025-26) — Operational onboarding guide for Effekthandel Väst (GENAB + MENAB); ShortFlex/LongFlex/Max Usage products; 0.05 MW minimum bid; 6-day lead time; 75% validation threshold; H-2 gate closure; ShortFlex = energy activation only (LFM-e, paid on delivery), LongFlex = availability + activation (LFM-p)
Source - Göteborg Energi Effekthandel Väst Produkter LFM (2026) — Göteborg Energi Nät’s 2026/27 product page: LFM-e (replaces ShortFlex), LFM-p (replaces LongFlex), new LFM-h, gate times (D-2 09:30/10:00; D-1 09:30/10:00; H-2), 0.1 MW minimum, MaxUsage no longer listed; illustrative 2025/26 revenue (1 MW ≈ 180–250k SEK availability, avg activation ≈ 3,500 SEK/MWh)
Source - Göteborg Energi Nät Förbättrat Kapacitetsläge (LinkedIn, 2025) — GENAB LinkedIn post (Dec 2025): villkorade avtal no longer applied in Göteborg from November 2025; capacity guaranteed; reasons (426 MW regional-grid allocation to 2035, Effekthandel Väst, tariffs)
Source - Effekthandel Väst Produkter och MaxUsage (NODES, 2024) — 3 clippings (NODES + Göteborg Energi, 2024): official 3-product spec (ShortFlex = free hourly bids, energy-only → LFM-e; LongFlex = availability+activation → LFM-p; MaxUsage = cap); MaxUsage™ “virtual fuse contract” mechanics + cases (Renova 75 kW vs 300 kW historical 07–10; GoCo EV charging halved 08–12 via Vattenfall InCharge); reported successful 2023/24 and scaled; jointly DSO-set; historical-consumption reference; authoritative on ShortFlex = energy-only (resolved the earlier source conflict)
Source - Webinar Effekthandel Väst Säsongsuppstart (2026) — Season-6 kickoff webinar (Göteborg Energi/Mölndal Energi/NODES, Sep 2026); new LFM-H product (week-to-week availability, D-2 09:00/18:30/H-2 timeline); ShortFlex→LFM-E, LongFlex→LFM-P renames as national standardization; minimum bid 0.05→0.1 MW; activation bid window 6→7 days; two-auction-point LFM-E matching; pre-season testing, automated Zero Baseline, address-based registration; >70 MW combined tradeable capacity; Göteborg’s spoken V2025/26 MaxUsage/total activation figures flagged as inconsistent with the wiki’s portal-sourced figures, not adopted
Source - Euroflex Norwegian LFM (NODES, 2026) — Euroflex/NODES update (Jan 2026): Norway’s local flex market on NODES; first unified season winter 2024/25; 8 nettselskap, ~20 FSP; ~7× volume growth Dec 2024→Dec 2025; LongFlex/ShortFlex/MaxUsage + new Armering overlay (DSO+Statnett value stacking without double-activation); Glitre Nett traffic-light model; market-dashboard figures (reserved ~11,500 MWh 2026, MaxUsage-dominated activation); corrects “Norway 0 commercial LFM”
Source - Euroflex Stormote Haugesund Program (2026) — Preliminary programme and event page for the Euroflex stormøte, Haugesund, 11–12 Nov 2026; last trading season before closing, RME sessions on flexibility and revenue-cap incentives, Euroflex 3 successor track, national flexibility register, national products and terms for local flexibility; no figures
Source - NODES Norwegian Flexibility Day (2026) — Pre-event listing for NODES’ Norwegian Flexibility Day, 22 Oct 2026, Oslo: Euroflex next-phase talk (Glitre Nett), DSO speakers; no figures
Source - NODES FPM Presentation (2026) — Practitioner presentation (Sofia Eng, Head of Projects and Operations); technology participation matrix across 9 asset types; 6 market-design principles; congestion area linking architecture (area = order book, vertical linking for DSO-TSO cascade/common market); MCP traffic light coordination (Green/Yellow/Red, 6-step, node limits); Canada/Ontario PowerShare (Essex Powerlines + simulated IESO, sequential T-D coordination, IESO Capacity LongFlex); NC DR recommendations (stakeholder T&C involvement, DSO incentives to start now, cost recovery, no open-ended derogations)
Source - NODES API Swagger Specification (2026) — OpenAPI 3.0.1 spec, platform v2.3.1296.0, 271 endpoints; GridArea/GridNode/GridGroup three-tier grid hierarchy; LongflexArming as the technical object behind Euroflex’s “Armering” overlay; MaxUsage’s bilateral e-signature + cron-scheduled contract mechanics; block-order matching (min/max/adjacent blocks) previously undocumented; TradeCancellationRequest workflow (Pending→Active/Rejected/Deleted); per-market, per-product configurable settlement resolution; EnaAssetPqq/EnaCommonParameters (ENA Open Networks PQQ standard) traced to a real historical UK deployment — see next entry
Source - NODES Public Market Statistics Sweden (2026) — NODES public market statistics for Effekthandel Väst (Göteborg, Mölndal), retrieved 2026-10-10: monthly MWh per product (LongFlex/ShortFlex/MaxUsage) and SEK prices (per-unit not stated); MaxUsage shown under both reserved and activated, counted once here
Source - NODES IntraFlex UK Trial (WPD-NGED, 2019-2021) — Web research resolving the swagger spec’s UK-deployment question: IntraFlex, a 2019–2021 WPD (now National Grid Electricity Distribution) trial on NODES’ ShortFlex market, >50 MW across 241 trades in a 2-month Phase 1; no evidence of NODES operating a live UK market since — UK Power Networks (Localflex/EPEX SPOT), NGED, SP Energy Networks and SSEN (Piclo/Electron/ElectronConnect) have all settled on other vendors by 2024–2026
Source - NorFlex Project (NODES, 2019-2023) — 2 NODES clippings on the NorFlex demonstration project (Enova-funded; Agder Energi, Glitre Energi, NODES, Statnett; ~2020–2023): predecessor to Euroflex; first DSO + Statnett-mFRR integration (3 MW, Jan 2022, greenhouses); cumulative 1,394 MWh / >12 M NOK / 4,000+ assets / 30,000+ activations; pioneered the DSO+TSO coordination later productized as Armering; NODES white papers gated behind a web-form request
Source - Å Energi Transfers GridTools to NODES (2025) — 3 clippings on the Sept 2025 transfer of GridTools (DSO grid decision-support tool, first released 2016 for NorFlex, Agder Energi first customer) from Å Energi to NODES; Å Energi = Nov 2022 merger of NorFlex co-founders Agder Energi + Glitre Energi (Glitre Nett = merged network company); asset transfer, not disclosed ownership link; also surfaces Å Energi’s Enfo (commercial aggregator subsidiary, undocumented) and the Nextgrid project
Source - NODES AS Brønnøysundregistrene Entry (2026) — Norwegian business registry (Enhetsregisteret) lookup for NODES AS: org. number 920 321 844, Strandveien 13 Lysaker (Bærum), Aksjeselskap, industry codes 35.150 (electricity trade) + 71.129 (technical consultancy); confirms legal registration but does not disclose shareholders (see Source - NODES AS Aksjonærer (2026) for that)
Source - NODES AS Aksjonærer (2026) — Norwegian shareholder register (Aksjonærregisteret via Proff.no) lookup for NODES AS, 3 clippings combined: resolves direct ownership as 100% Å Energi AS; full indirect-owner list (all 52 entities) — Statkraft ~32.6% via a 3-level state holding chain, plus ~50 Norwegian kommuner/holding companies clustering geographically into an Agder group and a Buskerud/Drammen group (consistent with, though not confirmed as, Å Energi’s Agder Energi + Glitre Energi merger ancestry); also 2025 financials (founded 2018, 30,000 shares, 5.4M NOK capital, ~22.8M NOK pre-tax loss, no dividend); corrects the “independent third-party” framing on NODES
Source - Göteborg Energi Elektrifieringsrapporten nr 1 (2025) — Göteborg Energi’s electrification report (June 2025); Season 4 outcomes (930 MWh activations, 27 FSPs); world-first V2G delivery (March 2025, 111 kWh); CheckWatt 5.5 MW dual-market; BESS barriers (bygglov, Energiforsk transfer capacity finding); Svk 2027 capacity services; tidsindelade effektavgifter behavioral data (−13%/+16%); RISE API; port electrification
Source - Flexia Consulting Website (2026) — 3 clippings on Flexia Consulting, a boutique flex-market consultancy founded spring 2024 (Darijan Jelica, Martin Willbo); Mölndal Energi testimonial confirms Flexia has developed/managed Mölndal’s side of Effekthandel Väst since 2022 and runs the Framtidens kontrollrum digital-twin project; services include villkorade avtal support, battery connection support, and AI/ML grid-operations automation; new entity page Flexia Consulting
Source - Flexia Consulting LinkedIn (2026) — Flexia’s LinkedIn company page + post history; new hire Robin Front (ex-Valmet); Sweden Flexibility Day attendance (NODESmarket-organized, alongside CheckWatt/Fingrid Oyj/Göteborg Energi/Mölndal Energi); Karlstads Energi AB training course; precise role title “projektledare för Mölndal Energi”
Source - Arvika Flex Pilot Study (Glava Energy Center, 2026) — primary article on the Arvika Flex pilot (Glava Energy Center + Flexia Consulting + Teknik i Väst, #LOKEN project, EU/Region Värmland co-financed); analyzed 2020–2025 capacity-need data + customer interviews; key finding: flexibility exists but takes time to identify; abonnemangsoptimering (subscription-cost optimization) calculations by Darijan Jelica; analysis study, not an operating market
Source - Mölndal Energi Januari Rekordmånad (2026) — Mölndal Energi’s own account of a January [2026] ShortFlex activation record (118 MWh, Mölndal-specific) — coldest month since joining Effekthandel Väst in 2022; matches all of 2024 (115 MWh) and more than doubles all of 2025 (43 MWh); forecasting-tool (prognosverktyg) review; reconciles with the existing V2025/26 season Mölndal ShortFlex total (237 MWh)
Source - Nätkraft Borås Flex Pilot (2025-2026) — Energi.se trade press + Flexia LinkedIn posts on a new, very small local flex-market pilot: Nätkraft Borås, förstudie since spring 2025 (Flexia-conducted), winter 2025/26 pilot with 2 participants (Borås Energi och Miljö kraftvärme + a battery-owning elhandelsbolag); new entrant to the Swedish local flex market landscape
Source - Jämtkraft JämtFlex (web, 2023-24) — JämtFlex FAQ page; Jämtland pilot winter 2023/24; NODES platform; proactive capability-building rationale; compensation reference 400–5,000 SEK/MWh activation, 500–800 SEK/MWh availability; one-season pilot (discontinued)
Source - Flexsäsongen i Götene 2024-2025 Sweco — Sweco / Götene Elförening (Andrea Pettersson, 2025-05-16); 24 pp; fullest operational report on any small-DSO Swedish LFM; four FSPs (Dafgårds 5 MW HVO elpanna, Checkwatt battery, GKT cold storage, Nolato EV chargers); exact season figures (125.24 MWh avropad, 19.52 MWh aktiverad, 81.7 MWh MaxUsage, 95% delivery); first confirmed Swedish multi-market FSP stack (Dafgårds on Svk FCR + local LFM); scenario analysis (5.28 MW handles all but 1 hour of 2024; 8.9–16.6 MW needed for structural reduction); MaxUsage discontinued (baseline drift + EIFS 2022:1 tariffs); villkorade avtal as recommended backstop; 5–10 year contracts recommended; IT procurement planned
Source - Kinnekulle Energi Marknadsdata Web 2025-2026 — Two web clippings (kinnekulleenergi.se, 2025-02-10 + 2026-01-22); chart data extracted visually from seven PNG images; 2024–25: price data (availability ~200–300 SEK/MW/h, activation ~2,300–2,500 SEK/MW/h), grid situation (peak ~53 MW vs 60 MW ceiling); 2025–26: four-stage process (avropad/accepterad/aktiverad/validerad), W7 2026 peak demand reached exactly 60 MW subscription ceiling, largest flex response either season (~65–70 MWh avropad); activation prices ~2,500–2,600 SEK/MW/h; final MaxUsage season
Source - sthlmflex säsong 3 (2022-2023) — Final season report for sthlmflex winter 2022/23; products (ShortFlex/Availability/LongFlex); abonnemangsväxling mechanism; 9 FSPs, 98 MWh activated, 742 kr/MWh avg; SWITCH flex tool = “flexverktyget”; CIM standardization with DNV and NODES

Aggregator and platform sources

Source - Powernaut Flex Trends Report (2026) — Powernaut (Florentijn Degroote CEO); interview-based industry report; 8 practitioners / 20+ GW assets; three trends: (1) pool architecture hierarchy (Fortum: asset pools per type → specialist aggregators → single VPP → utility → one BRP); (2) colocation with grid access — not economics — as primary driver (~20 European tolling agreements; ownership fragmentation as BTM barrier; Portugal flexible connection operational reality); (3) value chain verticalisation bidirectional at every link; data model transformation (delivery point → physical asset) as foundational internal barrier; France ancillary service saturation as early warning for other markets; commercial publication from a software vendor
Source - Flower Website (2024-2026) — 11 web clippings from flower.se (2024–2026); Swedish BESS portfolio (63 MW operational, 133 MW by end 2026: Bredhälla 42.5 MW, Kungälv 15 MW, Grums 10 MW, Sköldinge 4 MW); March 2026 trading performance (EUR 9,568/MW net; 86% capacity/14% energy; 0.8 daily cycles); BRP Sweden June 2024; DER expansion April 2026 (Polarium, Flexecharge, Markedroid, Emulate, Rebel); Flower Hub residential service (per-MW/month, Senergia/KP Energy); 180 GWh PPA with Locus Energy (11 wind farms SE2/SE3/SE4); Germany pipeline 173 MW/677 MWh; Ellevio Energy Solutions partnership (3 BESS projects)
Source - Ingrid Capacity Website and Press (2026) — Stockholm-based battery-storage developer/operator (IPP model, not portfolio aggregation); founded 2022; 14-site southern-Sweden portfolio (211 MW/211 MWh, minister-inaugurated); Vaggeryd (100 MW/400 MWh) + Horsaryd (100 MW/200 MWh) confirmed April 2026, portfolio to exceed 1.2 GWh by 2028; expanded to Finland/Germany/France; 8 GW European target by 2030; BRP & BSP service framing, BRP status unconfirmed
Source - Flower Infrastructure Chint Solar German BESS Acquisition (2026) — Energy-Storage.news (9 Jul 2026); Flower acquires 112 MW/332.5 MWh, 7 ready-to-build German BESS projects (Chint Solar Europe), grid connections + permits secured, commissioning 2027; Flower’s first operational German assets, additive to the existing 173 MW/677 MWh German pipeline
Source - Capalo AI Website and Press (2026) — Helsinki-headquartered AI-driven VPP operator (not Swedish); active Sweden/Finland/Latvia/Lithuania, expanding to 6 more European markets in 2026; >1 GW contracted battery capacity (2025); €11M Series A Feb 2026 (Heartcore Capital)

Academic and analytical

Source - Flex Value Chain Rodrigues et al (2025) — Review of 6-stage flexibility-centric value chain and 7 LFM platforms internationally (INESC TEC, BeFlexible); NODES confirmed in Norway/Sweden/Finland/Belgium/Canada; no platform covers full FCVC; settlement quality differentiator
Source - OIES EL36 Electricity Market Design for Decentralized Flexibility (2019) — OIES Paper EL36 (July 2019); decentralized flexibility sources (DFS) concept and typology; VRE integration cost categories (profile/balancing/grid); explicit vs implicit DSM; BRP-aggregator settlement conflict; market access barriers (symmetric bid, minimum size, time factors); FCR as preferred first balancing market for DFS; nodal pricing as long-run option; foundational analysis for NC DR framework
Source - Palm et al LFM Drivers and Barriers (2023) — Palm et al., Utilities Policy 82 (2023); 25 in-depth interviews with 12 FSPs + 13 PFSPs from CoordiNet Uppland and Skåne (V2020/21 season); champion concept as primary but overlooked driver; aggregator as essential participation enabler; information barrier as top PFSP obstacle; automation universally required; baseline estimation as FSP design complaint (sports arena manipulation incident); TSO/LFM revenue mismatch (~5×); monetary incentives less important than expected
Source - Swedish Aggregators LFM KTH Thesis (2021) — Färegård & Miletic, KTH master thesis; SthlmFlex vs two European markets (missing rebalancing mechanism as key gap); aggregator four-barrier framework (institutional/technical/financial/social); business model centred on technical system sales; balance responsibility as top barrier; heat pump + EV demand-side potential estimated for Stockholm 2021–2030
Source - VTT-R-04621-16 Electricity Market Designs and Flexibility (2016) — VTT Technical Research Centre Finland, October 2016; FLEXe programme; four commonly made claims about market shortcomings (prices too low, too high, insufficient flexibility, insufficient capacity) with arguments and counter-arguments; Keay (2016) two-market design (firm vs non-firm) with a simplified VTT simulation; Wind System Operator (WSO) thought experiment for NordPool; two-market design as a demand response incentive
Source - What is Flexibility in the Power Sector (Eurelectric 2025) — Eurelectric explainer (March 2025); industry flexibility definition; temporal/source typology; EV V2G potential (114 TWh by 2030, EUR 515–2,700 savings per vehicle); hydropower, battery, nuclear, gas, interconnectors; regulatory fragmentation as primary barrier; three policy recommendations
Source - Aggregators DR Relationships Comillas (2025) — Comillas IIT / BeFlexible (2025); systematic EU-level typology of IA relationships across four actor pairs (supplier/BRP, DER, SO, FRP); three compensation models (pass-through, flat fee, hybrid); balance responsibility: supplier-dependent vs independent; single vs dual imbalance pricing; portfolio-level participation thresholds; submetering as baseline attribution enabler; three FRP market access routes (bilateral / LFM / balancing)
Source - DSO Service Acquisition Interaction Comillas (2024) — Comillas IIT / BeFlexible (2024); pairwise interaction analysis of three DSO service acquisition mechanisms (network tariffs / flexible connection agreements / local markets); 10 design dimensions per mechanism across 4 meta-dimensions; green/orange/red classification for each cross-option pair; co-design as core recommendation; key red conditions: ex-post FCA curtailment notification blocks LFM day-ahead participation; emergency activation makes combined use infeasible; LIFO access principle undermines LFM bidding reliability
Source - Nationell Dialog Flexibilitet Nätkapacitet 12 Maj 2026 — Ei-organised national dialog on flexibility and grid capacity (12 May 2026); morning and afternoon sessions; key content: Kinnekulle Flex operational data (54.5→135 MW capacity gap; 4 resources/2.5–5.5 MW; ~100 MWh winter 2024/25; target 10–12 MW for 2026/27); ACCEL Västra Götaland; Gotland (3-month island operation planning for Typsituation 4, FRaM project, 2030 AC transmission); Svk LT50 programme; FREIA Västerbotten; AGON/Norrmodellen Norrbotten; Tillväxtverket; Skånes Effektkommission (SE4 15% self-sufficiency → 50% 2030 target; NET; Anslut i Skåne portal 8 May 2026; Etableringskartan; repowering; NUP harmonisation)
Source - Submetering for Flexibility Services Comillas (2024) — Comillas IIT / BeFlexible (2024); dedicated measuring devices (DMDs, Art. 7b EMD Reform) for individual DER circuits; settlement-grade vs indicative distinction; technical requirements (≥1-min sampling, <5-min latency, CIM/DLMS-COSEM standards); BeFlexible practitioner survey: current use limited, main barriers (cost/regulatory uncertainty/data management complexity); Sweden noted as having existing DSO-initiated submetering pilots; submetering as short-term enabler pending next-gen smart meters
Source - Kinnekulle Energi LexHub Snabbladdare Götene (2025) — Energi.se (Oct 2025); Kinnekulle Energi + LexEnergy fast-charging station, Götene (4×360 kW + 412 kWh battery, LexHub platform, 60% Klimatklivet-funded); grid-service ambitions stated but not confirmed active at publication — plausible identity of the unnamed “laddinfrastruktur” resource in Kinnekulle Flex’s 2025–26 season

J — Flexibility methodology and consumer behavior

Baseline methods, flex need quantification, DSO methodology guides, consumer surveys, heat pump auction design, protocol stack.

Source - Energiforsk 2025-1088 Metodik Flexibilitet Elnät (2025) — Energiforsk Report 2025:1088 (January 2025); first Swedish practical methodology guide for DSO flexibility development; four-step methodology (need analysis, actor mapping, matching, realisation); Värmland pilot (1,070 MW total; Borgvik overinjection 83h/yr vs overwithdrawal 8h/yr); Endre Technologies probabilistic flex need quantification (Txx-year return periods); RISE AMI classification tool (heating/EV/solar from smart meter data); incentive misalignment as primary barrier; GOPACS and TOTEX cited
Source - AFRY Styr och Informationstjänster Konsumenter (2023) — AFRY Management Consulting, Energimyndigheten-commissioned (November 2023); market scan of 44 services (36 information, 8 control) from 172 actors; 8 control service types; 7 automation signal types; effekttariff integration gap (DSO fragmentation prevents standardised peak control); three consumer segments (Den nyfikne/Nästa steg/Optimeraren); V2G as near-future service type; Elpriskollen Concept A (step-by-step filtering) recommended for displaying services
Source - DNV Metoder Kunddialog Ei (2021) — DNV, Ei-commissioned (September 2021); review of consumer dialogue methods with interviews of 12 organisations (7 regulators: Ofgem, CRU, ACM, E-Control, ARERA, AER, OEB; plus National Grid ESO, Cadent Gas, BEUC, Citizens Advice, BIT); regulatory process methodology; method-selection criteria with a demand-flexibility worked example
Source - IVL Konsumentperspektiv Efterfrågeflexibilitet (2023) — IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet, Ei-commissioned (January 2023); n=10,328+ households + 143 market actors; 34.2% penetration; 75.6% of flexible households activated in 2022; three choice experiments (heating control −23.7 pp under savings uncertainty; EV charging −1.6 pp; behavioral change −9.7 pp); moral attributes finding (environmental arguments significant only for behavioral, not smart-control, decisions); contract confusion (~9% mistake monthly rörligt for timpris); market actor landscape (63% offer flex, 92% suppliers have timprisavtal, only 30% DSOs have time-diff tariffs); explicit data hub call
Source - Ei Flexläget 2026 (PM2026-02) — Ei PM2026:02; first annual Ei statistics publication on demand flexibility; Dec 2024 surveys (n=1,020 households, n=33 suppliers, n=49 DSOs); effective hourly pricing 12–13% of all households (24% lack own grid connection); timprisavtal by type: småhus 22%, radhus 18%, apartments 5%; 14% EV ownership; 29% smart charging; 14% DSOs with effektavgift (10% time-diff); only 1-in-10 DSOs participates in local flex or buys from aggregators; 1-in-10 suppliers coordinates steering; 31% DSOs share grid load info; references IVL/Ramboll/AFRY as prior baseline
Source - Ramboll Nyckeltal Hushålls Efterfrågeflexibilitet (2024) — Ramboll Sweden, Energimyndigheten-commissioned (January 2024); n=1,173 villa households + n=175 market actors; COM-B behavioral model; 15% timprisavtal (SE1: 4%, SE4: 18%); 42% self-reported flexible; 2.8% connected to revenue service; 21% DSOs time-diff tariffs; 84% suppliers timprisavtal; 38% DSOs planning effekttariff; 8.6% EV owners adapting charging; Opportunity barrier as most binding (structure, not awareness)
Source - ACER Retail Energy Markets Dashboard Sweden (2025) — ACER retail dashboard underlying CSV (EU-wide, Sweden rows extracted); 100% Swedish smart meter rollout 2024–2025; heat pump household ownership 35.8%→36.4%, solar PV 5.6%→6.0% (2024→2025); electricity contract-type-distribution metric left entirely blank by Ei for Sweden — a reporting gap, not just a data gap; retail market-structure figures (132 suppliers, HHI ~852–865, 9.2–9.5% household switching rate) kept source-only, tangential to flexibility
Source - Energiforsk 2026-1151 Effektauktioner med Värmepumpar (2026) — Månborg et al. (Profu + Bengt Dahlgren, January 2026); VCG (Vickrey-Clarke-Groves) auction algorithm for heat pump DSR; 137 simulated heat pumps / Kristianstad; VCG price 0.8–1.6 SEK/kW vs 4 SEK/kW grid upgrade; no aggregator incentive at low total payouts; 5.75 GW national heat pump potential by 2030; VCG vs marginal pricing in thin markets
Source - Energimyndigheten ER 2025-35 Förbättra Flexibiliteten (2025) — Energimyndigheten final report on gov. assignment KN2024/01432; beredskapsflexibilitet concept; cybersecurity risk (Nordic32 heat pump simulation, ~300k connected heat pumps at critical mass); full protocol landscape (four layers: market/DER/local/grid); random startup delay (UK 600s mandate); EU Art. 24 Implementing Act as second pillar alongside NC DR; 15-minute pricing impact on synchronisation; EFFEKT-dialogen, Elpriskollen DR comparison, Ei innovationscenter
Source - Energimyndigheten ER 2025-20 Flexibilitet Målgruppsanpassad Information (2025) — Energimyndigheten interim report on the same gov. assignment (May 2025, predates ER 2025:35); target-group information strategy (CIT Renergy analysis, priority groups); generation-side regulability by technology (vattenkraft klass-1 98% reglerbidrag, kärnkraft SvKFS 2005:2 ramp rates, kraftvärme/gasturbiner economics); 24-company industrial interview study (5–15% flexible, near-zero used for grid-capacity relief, per-branch detail, hydrogen corrective finding, Table 7 2030 potential)
Source - Energiindikatorer 2026 (ER 2026-14) — Energimyndigheten’s annual indicator report (May 2026) + companion 44-sheet Excel data annex; scoped to section 3.6 “Flexibilitet i elsystemet”; corrects the four-category taxonomy’s origin to Power Circle’s 2024 factsheet (not the two 2025 reports that popularized it); official EIFS 2022:5 indicator data (only 7 Swedish grid companies have ever called on a flexibility market; storage/bilateral-agreement volumes 2023→2024); FCR pay-as-bid→marginal pricing (2024), flow-based capacity calculation (Oct 2024) and mFRR-EAM automation (March 2025) as the mechanism behind 2024–2025 local mFRR price spikes; Sweden’s aFRR self-sufficiency (7.5% up / 62% down, Dec 2025)
Source - Svenskt Naringsliv Startprogram Flexibilitet (2026) — Svenskt Näringsliv flexibility policy program (Lind/Ekman, 12 April 2026, 87pp); the wiki’s first organized-business-side (not agency/academic) flexibility source; core thesis: industrial demand flexibility routinely overestimated (names Energimyndigheten’s 5–15% figure as theoretical vs. practically realisable); effektavgifter risk being too bluntly designed against technically-inflexible customers; BRP/fee friction risks pricing out smaller aggregation providers; cites Ei’s Art. 19f assignment; policy asks: national flexibility strategy, Svk societal-CBA mandate, tillståndsreformer, stronger TOTEX incentives
Source - Energimyndigheten ER 2026-08 Energiomställningen (2026) — Energimyndigheten energy-transition status report (2026), scoped to §4.1/5.2/5.4; Nov 2022–May 2023 price-elasticity finding (7–8%/month consumption drop, calendar/temperature-corrected); Kraftlyftet kraftvärme/heat-storage investment scheme (SEK 100M→400M by 2027, 5bn by 2035); Svk generation-siting principle restated; national försörjningsanalys rollout confirmed for 2026 (building on ResiliENt Syd); Robust Kommun; energiberedskap budget 54M→398M SEK; proposed 90-day endurance functionsmål (kraft/fjärrvärme/fjärrkyla)
Source - Energimyndigheten ER 2026-21 ResiliENt Syd (2026) — Energimyndigheten/Svk/Ei pilot report (June 2026), read in full; first practical test of försörjningsanalys methodology for the energy sector (södra civilområdet); finds the generic MSB/MCF fastlagda-tillgångar model fits electricity poorly (can’t be stockpiled, assumes markets set aside vs. Sweden’s keep-markets-running strategy, assumes need only increases); southern Sweden’s net-import status as clearest vulnerability; eight proposed actions
Source - Energimyndigheten ER 2026-22 Stärkt Leveranssäkerhet Fjärrvärme (2026) — Energimyndigheten final report (Oct 2026); proposes a national security-of-supply target for district heating and cooling (3 months, 2 weeks mainly own resources) and a fjärrvärmelag change allowing adjustment and prioritisation of deliveries; drops the general protection for reserve boilers
Source - Energimyndigheten Sveriges Energiläge v. 41 (2026-10-07) — Energimyndigheten weekly supply-situation report: elevated price risk, no power shortage for winter 2026/27; reservoirs, nuclear outages, gas storage, fuel stocks; a dated weekly snapshot
Source - Energimyndigheten Sveriges Energiläge Weekly Series (2026) — Energimyndigheten weekly editions 2, 9, 16, 23 and 30 Sep 2026: week-by-week figures behind the winter supply table; price-risk wording first on 30 Sep; SE4 price peak 14 Sep
Source - Energimyndigheten ER 2026-23 Fjärr- och Kraftvärmens Roll (2026) — Energimyndigheten report (1 Oct 2026) with 12 main proposals on district heating and CHP; temporary limited energy-tax cut on electricity for district-heating heat pumps and electric boilers proposed for government preparation (no level or cost); system-benefit method (0.30 GWh, 0.38 MW, ~SEK 15–16M per MW); CHP ö-drift assessed by function
Source - Power Circle Energigemenskaper Faktablad (2026) — Power Circle factsheet (March 2026, Energiforsk-funded); energy communities in the Swedish grid context; CEC vs REC definitions; energidelning (activity) vs energigemenskap (form); three sharing routes (virtuell delning full fees / kompletterande nät IKN exempt / helt eget nät exceptional); grid benefits (peak-shaving, voltage, ö-drift); topplast research (collective > individual battery control; individual peaks ≠ grid peak); regulation (no SE incentives early 2026; IKN since 2022; energidelning law in force 2027-01-01 as minimal implementation; Energimyndigheten 19 projects 2025); ~200 SE / ~9,000 EU; examples Tamarinden/Hammarby Sjöstad/EnergyNet Lund
Source - Second Opinion Energigemenskap Medborgarinflytande (2026) — Second Opinion DEBATT (10 June 2026), Jenny Palm (professor IIIEE, Lund); summarizes/applies a 2025 Friends of the Earth Europe report on “corporate capture” of EU energy communities — large incumbents gaining influence via subsidiaries, blurring genuine citizen-governed ECs from EC-branded commercial services; five recommendations (definition clarity, ownership transparency, anti-misuse controls, support targeted at genuinely local initiatives, anti-circumvention safeguards); flags relevance to Sweden’s still-early-stage EC development
Source - Second Opinion Parallella Nät Skatt (2026) — Second Opinion interview (18 May 2026), Per Everhill (Public Affairs, Tekniska verken); argues Swedish/EU energy-community uptake is substantially tax/moms-avoidance driven given near-zero/negative midday solar prices (Germany 26 Apr example: −480 EUR/MWh); “parallella nät” critique of physical complementary-net ECs as duplicate infrastructure; disputes the grid-load-reduction justification since the grid must still be dimensioned for the February peak regardless of summer self-consumption
Source - Energiföretagen Energigemenskaper och Energidelning Position (2025) — Energiföretagen industry position (26 Sept 2025, predates C(2026)2850 and Prop. 2025/26:240); conditional support tied to helhetsperspektiv; opposes energy-tax exemption for shared/community electricity; everyone using the grid pays nätavgift (flags IKN’s single shared fee regardless of headcount); IKN-förordningen §22c needs review; consumer-protection gap between sharing participants; no clear economic benefit seen in energidelning vs. exchange trading; prefers phased nätområde-scope rollout over the elområde scope Prop. 2025/26:240 adopted
Source - Energimyndigheten ER 2024-20 Energigemenskaper Förutsättningar (2024) — earliest formal Swedish EC assessment (Sept 2024); five 2024 policy proposals incl. an Austria-style 57%/28% network-fee discount for virtual sharing that was later opposed by Energiföretagen and not adopted; five new example projects (Sätra, Austerland Energi, Andreastorpets vänboende, Embassy of Sharing, CoAction); a four-stage formation-journey lifecycle framework; richer Austria/Belgium/Ireland comparisons; 2019 baseline EC count (~140) for growth context
Source - Lind et al Baseline Methods (2023) — Academic evaluation of 9 baseline methods for DER flexibility markets (Comillas/VITO, CoordiNet/BeFlexible funded); no one-size-fits-all; MBMA for balancing; zero baseline for batteries; decision framework by DER type and product timing
Source - Load Forecasting Methods Survey (2025) — Hasan et al., Energy Conversion and Management: X 26 (2025) 100922; comprehensive review of VSTLF/STLF/MTLF/LTLF horizons and methods; hybrid models (CNN-LSTM, CNN-BiLSTM-Bayesian, LSTM-Transformer) consistently outperform single models; STLF as operational prerequisite for BRP plan submission and FSP bidding; EV/DR impact on forecasting complexity; MAPE benchmark 1.47% (LSTM-BPNN hybrid) vs 3.55–4.09% single models
Source - Energiforsk 2026-1197 Konkurrensen om Efterfrågeflexibilitet Simulering (2026) — Energiforsk 2026:1197 (June 2026; Fritz/Merlin & Metis/Sweco); simulation of four effektavgift designs (incl. dynamic UniFlex tariff) on 200 battery-equipped villas (7kW/7kWh, perfect foresight, real 2025 prices, lokalnät ~20,000 uttagspunkter); demand charges change behaviour strongly but give limited grid benefit once sammanlagring counted, reduce spot-market response, can create new peaks; incentives should be more precise in time and space; effektavgift redesign evidence base; “konkurrensen om efterfrågeflexibilitet” (competition for the same flexibility)
Source - Energiforsk 2026-1193 Unison Prissignal Timeffektavgift (2026) — Energiforsk 2026:1193 (June 2026; UniFlex project); dynamic, locational hourly capacity tariff (timeffektavgift) reflecting both grid and market value; Sala-Heby + Energicentrum Gotland case; capacity-level choice (nätstation/fördelningsstation/whole-grid); locational signal granularity-vs-fairness tension; high timeffektavgift hours coincide with high spot prices (51h total >2 kr/kWh with charge >half); low revenue share from priciest hours (DSO revenue stability)
Source - Second Opinion Effekttariffer Rodin Kritik (2026) — Second Opinion DEBATT (16 April 2026), Gunnar Rodin; household critique of static effekttariffer using Nacka Energi’s design as case study (56 kr/kW, avg of 3 highest hours/month, year-round); argues only correlated cross-customer load matters for grid stress, which only the DSO can see; equity critique of non-inverter heat pumps; proposes time-of-use energy tariff instead
Source - Second Opinion Effekttariffer Kjellström Vision (2026) — Second Opinion DEBATT (16 March 2026), Anders Kjellström; counter-vision arguing for dynamic, nätstation-level effekttariffer enabled by cheap smart-home hardware and the Matter standard, with the DSO acting as active “lastbalanserare”; published the same month as the EIFS 2022:1 repeal decision
Source - Second Opinion Fjärrvärme Elpannor Flexibilitetsresurs (2026) — Second Opinion DEBATT reply (9 April 2026), Erik Thornström (Energiföretagen); ~1.2 GW largely unused capacity in district-heating elpannor, substitutable with other DH production at high prices so it doesn’t add to winter peak electricity demand; Nordic tax comparison; ~500 MSEK/yr targeted tax-cut cost estimate vs. >25 bn SEK/yr for a general cut

K — Balancing markets and TSO operations

FCR/aFRR/mFRR rules, BSP/BRP agreements, Nordic Balancing Model, ENTSO-E standards.

Source - ENTSO-E FCR Technical Requirements Nordic (2023) — Joint Nordic TSO technical standard for FCR provision (valid 2023-09-01); FCR-N 600 MW / ±0.1 Hz; FCR-D 1,450 MW / ±0.4 Hz; 70 MW per-entity limit; Nyquist stability radius 0.43; LER rules: FCR-N 60 min endurance, 34% opposite reserve, NEM at <30 min remaining; AEM at 5/60×C/E SOC; type qualification ≤100 kW; dynamic prequalification (25%/1 MW/3 MW); 99.95% central control availability; 5-year prequalification validity
Source - Svk Träffa Balansmarknad Forum 2 — Svk stakeholder forum presentation (November 2021); BSP/BRP Ei approval timeline (2018–2021); Svk’s position that OA = BSP function not unique role; four unresolved design questions (delivery verification, LEV compensation, BSP’s BRP purpose, phased rollout)
Source - TDX-ASSIST Portuguese Demonstrator (CIRED 2019) — EU H2020 project’s Portuguese TSO-DSO demonstrator (REN/EDPD, CIRED 2019); ICCP-based real-time SCADA link + non-real-time SFTP/web-services channel; 11-BUC coordination taxonomy; early operational precedent for NC DR’s “observability area” concept; reactive-power ICPF/SOPF tools validated only on a simulated 11kV academic network, not live field results
Source - ENTSO-E RDI Roadmap 2024-2034 (2024) — ENTSO-E legally-mandated 10-year RDI programme; 3 clusters / 6 missions / 90+ milestones; M5 flexibility assessment/markets (TSO-DSO coordination, ICT platforms for DFS, AI/ML); M6 cross-sector integration
Source - Svk Artikel 18 Villkor Balansering (2024) — Svk’s Art. 18 national balancing terms (consolidated 2024-04-29, ref. 2024/2011); BSP/BRP conditions; objects-vs-bids paper construction mechanism; FCR/aFRR/mFRR procurement rules; marginal pricing; 15-min settlement; mFRR ≥50 MW structuring rule; imbalance pricing (VoAA + incentive component)
Source - Svk Behov av Reserver 2026 — Svk’s 2026 reserve requirements; system-level totals (FFR/FCR/aFRR/mFRR); aFRR by bidding area SE1–SE4; mFRR capacity by bidding area; dynamic FCR-D sizing; variable mFRR CM demand introduced Jan 2026
Source - Svk BRP Avtal 5938-2 (2025) — BRP agreement framework (Avtal 5938 v2, effective 2025-11-01); Reglerobjekt structuring (≥50 MW own object, 8 power types, 250 MW Grundreglerobjekt cap); plan reporting by 16:00 D-1, binding 45 min before quarter; Strategisk reserv surcharge (SE3/SE4 weekdays 06-22, Nov-Mar, Lag 2025:50); VoLL pricing during Strategic Reserve activation
Source - Svk BSP Avtal 5937-2 (2025) — Complete BSP agreement framework (Avtal 5937 v2, effective 2025-09-03); nine documents covering main contract + six annexes (FCR/aFRR/mFRR commercial + technical conditions); FCR: 0.1 MW min, two auction windows (D-1 00:30/18:00), 50%/300% non-delivery penalties, LER; aFRR: D-1 07:30 gate, 1 MW min; mFRR: dual-market, heartbeat/t-18 mechanism, 99% availability; BSP–BRP link mandatory; eSett Oy as settlement agent
Source - Svk Införande BSP BRP — Svk’s BSP/BRP implementation page; BSP/BRP role definitions; current constraint (BSP requires BRP); free-standing BSP timeline (2028); significance for aggregation; EB GL December 2020 deadline missed
Source - Svk Leverantörer av Balanstjänster 2026 — Public BSP register as of 2026-03-12; 28 registered BSPs; aggregators/flexibility specialists ~21% (Flower, Ingrid Capacity, Entelios, Capalo AI, Mind Energy, Vimab BESS, Oppy, Produktionsbalans); Nordic players also hold Swedish BSP agreements
Source - Svk Elsystemet Under Sommaren (2026) — Svk news article (2026-05-20); driftchef Pontus de Maré; nuclear maintenance reduces inertia → FFR (<1 second) as backup; Oskarshamn 3 (up to 1,400 MW) as dimensioning incident; nedregleringsbud more diverse in summer 2026 vs 2025 (wind + batteries alongside hydro); PATL thermal derating reduces cross-zonal capacity in hot weather; Hormuz Strait closure as geopolitical price driver
Source - Svk Forskning Uppdrag 3.5 (2026) — Government assignment (regleringsbrev 2026, uppdrag 3.5, SVK 2026/466, submitted 2026-06-12); Svk R&D significance, Energimyndigheten utilization, complementarity; ~30 mnkr/year fee-funded; four R&D areas (Nätteknik, Elmarknad, Systemutmaningar, Digitalisering); AI forecasting in control room; FCR market design research; DLR analysis; energilager as congestion complement; flexibility identification and market models as explicit R&D priority; Energimyndigheten research not systematically utilized; Förordning (2025:782) as legal mandate
Source - Svk Månadsrapport Balansmarknader Januari 2026 — Svk monthly report for January 2026 (v3.0, published 26 Feb 2026): first consolidated report across FCR, aFRR CM, mFRR CM and mFRR EAM; FCR 23.3/6.8/1.2, mFRR CM up 19.2–22.7, EAM spreads up 34–86, internal inconsistencies noted
Source - Svk Månadsrapporter FCR 2024 — Svk’s first five monthly FCR reports (Aug–Dec 2024): Svk’s account of the pay-as-bid to marginal-price change and why prices fell (diversification, storage and wind entry, lower concentration), FCR-D down procurement path 365/410/470/524 MW, price events, hydro context; monthly means checked against the series
Source - Svk Månadsrapporter FCR 2025 — Svk’s ten monthly FCR price reports for 2025 (Jan–Dec; Jun–Aug combined): monthly means, hourly price events (FCR-D down 2,690 EUR/MW on 27 Apr), 524 MW FCR-D down from Jan 2025, volume shift to SE3/SE4, storage share of prequalified volume, pay-as-bid break; checks against the monthly series (28/28 exact)
Source - Svk Månadsrapporter aFRR 2025 — Svk’s eight monthly aFRR reports for 2025 (Mar–Dec): zone means, hourly peaks and reservation-cost mechanism, Swedish share of the requirement (26.4% to 7.5% for up), Finland as net exporter; data basis Energinet/NUCS/Nord Pool
Source - Svk Månadsrapporter mFRR EAM 2025 — Svk’s seven monthly mFRR EAM reports for 2025 (Mar–Nov): EAM go-live 4 Mar 2025, March price spikes, doubled Swedish volumes in April, spread development, 18 Nov heartbeat incident
Source - Svk Utredning mFRR-priser December 2025 - Januari 2026 — Svk’s mFRR price-investigation notices: 18–27 Dec 2025 (no adjustment, causes of high imbalance prices) and 12–18 Jan 2026 (13 Jan quarter-hour adjusted from 284 EUR; illogical bid choices in the algorithm)
Source - Svk Månadsrapport Balansmarknader Februari 2026 — Svk monthly balancing market report Feb-26; FCR-N 30.9 EUR/MW mean; FCR-D upp 8.4; aFRR CM up 6.4–9.8 EUR/MW, down 8.1–13.0 EUR/MW (down>up in SE1–SE3); mFRR CM up 18–22 EUR/MW (highest in SE4); 81% / 95% of Sweden’s mFRR CM requirement (up/down) called in Sweden
Source - Svk Månadsrapport Balansmarknader Mars 2026 — Svk monthly report Mar-26; FCR-N 20.3 / FCR-D upp 3.7 / ned 4.8 EUR/MW (FCR-N down a third on February); aFRR CM up 5.4–6.9, down 16.3–20.1; mFRR CM up SE1–SE3 2.4–6.3 vs SE4 25.8, down SE1 26.4; EAM spread up 30–49 EUR/MWh
Source - Svk Månadsrapport Balansmarknader April 2026 — Svk monthly report Apr-26; FCR moved to Nordic MMS on 14 April; FCR-N 18.7 / FCR-D upp 3.8 / ned 2.9 EUR/MW; aFRR CM up 7.8–9.2 (SE4 hourly max 237), down 18.9–22.9; 64% of Sweden’s aFRR down requirement called in Sweden; mFRR CM up SE4 18.0; EAM spread up SE4 68 EUR/MWh
Source - Svk Månadsrapport Balansmarknader Maj 2026 — Svk monthly report May-26; FCR-N 22.0 / FCR-D upp 4.2 / ned 3.2 EUR/MW; aFRR CM up 5.5–8.6, down 15.2–17.2; mFRR CM up 12.5–20.2 (zones converging); 91% / 96% of Sweden’s mFRR CM requirement called in Sweden; EAM spread up SE4 87 EUR/MWh
Source - Svk Månadsrapport Balansmarknader Juni 2026 — Svk monthly balancing market report Jun-26; FCR-N 25.6 EUR/MW mean (up vs May); FCR-D upp 5.9, ned 5.6; aFRR CM up 5.7–11.3 EUR/MW (all zones up vs May), down 8.0–14.1 EUR/MW (all zones down vs May); mFRR CM down SE1/SE2 21.0/17.9 vs SE3/SE4 2.4/2.5 (north-south split persists); mFRR EAM spread up +41 to +63 EUR/MWh
Source - Svk Månadsrapport Balansmarknader Juli 2026 — Svk monthly report Jul-26; FCR-N 17.1 / FCR-D upp 3.7 / ned 2.9 EUR/MW (all down on June); aFRR CM up 3.0–8.3, down 9.4–11.5; mFRR CM up SE4 27.9, down SE1 24.4; EAM spread up SE4 95 EUR/MWh; Jan–Jul boxes: aFRR/mFRR CM prices roughly halved y/y with more imports, FCR on Nordic MMS from 14 Apr 2026, mFRR CM variable demand ±10%, manual price adjustments ended June; states aFRR up daytime cut was 25 MW (225 → 200 MW)
Source - Svk Månadsrapport Balansmarknader Augusti 2026 — Svk monthly report Aug-26; FCR-N 18.6 / FCR-D upp 8.5 (spike in procurement 1 on 4 Aug) / ned 2.6 EUR/MW; aFRR CM up 4.1–12.6, down 13.6–14.2 (all up on July); Swedish aFRR down called share 28%; mFRR EAM spread up 30–46 EUR/MWh; new imbalance-forecast MAE/bias metrics
Source - Artelys Svk MARI Impact Assessment (2026) — Artelys for Svk (2026-09-01); simulated year (Mar 2025–Mar 2026): Nordic mFRR EAM worth +459 M€ to Sweden vs stand-alone (mostly pre-2025 cooperation and scarcity periods), MARI adds +40 M€; 400 MW HVDC balancing capacity assumption (Baltic Cable excluded) limits MARI gain; upward prices −390 €/MWh in SE3/SE4; price spread mitigation minor; model result, still cites Q1 2027 MARI date
Source - Nordic Imbalance Settlement Handbook v5.2 (2025) — eSett Oy handbook v5.2 (Oct 2025); 15-min ISP confirmed; BRP/BSP/eSett roles; independent aggregator = BSP with independent aggregation method; compensation mechanism (VoAA + IC); BSP free-standing at Nordic level; Swedish reconciliation model; data exchange via ENTSO-E/ebIX XML
Source - Stödtjänster på Elmarknaden Energiforsk (2024) — Diczfalusy/Energiforsk (March 2024); net ancillary service costs 500M→6.5B SEK (2015–2022); FCR-D ned introduced Jan 2022; mFRR CM introduced Oct 2023; aFRR EAM planned 2026; reserve volumes c. 2023; BSP/BRP split rationale; Gränges FCR and Ellevio Energy Solutions battery examples; Svensk Kraftreserv AB market exposure 2025
Source - Svk NBM Nordic Balancing Model — Svk’s NBM overview (updated Nov 2025); core architectural shift (frequency-based → per-bidding-area imbalance-based); 4 implemented + 2 in-progress changes; European platform connection rationale
Source - Konsultrapport Balansansvarigas förutsättningar Merlin Metis (2026) — Merlin & Metis for Ei (Feb 2026); BRP market conditions post three 2024-2025 reforms (flow-based DA Oct 2024, 15-min settlement March 2025, mFRR EAM March 2025); BRP count 20–30→70 but fewer risk-bearing BRPs for large customers; 11 BRPs hold 90%+ volume; bilateral BESS tolling agreements emerging; enpris rules (since Nov 2021); obalansavgift 1.15 EUR/MWh; tolerance band ±10 MW; free-standing BSP 2028; Nordic harmonization recommendations
Source - Svk Balancing Market Outlook 2030 (2024) — Svk’s first outlook report on ancillary service markets (Dec 2024); market design context; BSP counts per product (6 BSPs aFRR, 18 FFR, 22 FCR-D, 17 FCR-N, 15 mFRR EAM); prequalified capacity pools; PICASSO connection 2027/2028 (aFRR EAM launch); MARI connection Q1 2027 (Nordic group); trilateral mFRR CM SE+DK+FI since Nov 2024; Fifty Nordic MMS (new FCR platform 2025); static FCR-D quota under analysis; cost allocation (grid tariff/BRP fee/imbalance price); +300% procured volume since 2019; aFRR price asymmetry (Norway imports satisfy aFRR up)
Source - Svk BSP BRP Villkor Status (2026) — Svk news article 2026-05-18; BSP/BRP condition revisions for MARI Q1 2027 connection; consultation closed spring 2026; Svk submitting revised conditions to Ei summer 2026 (Ei then adjudicates); three areas: imbalance pricing, bidding rules, balancing energy prices; PICASSO imbalance pricing consultation planned autumn 2026; reference group for obalansprissättning being formed
Source - ACER Decisions 12 and 13-2026 FRR Implementation Frameworks Third Amendment (2026) — ACER Decisions 12 and 13/2026 (18 Sep 2026): harmonised FRR prequalification, switching and re-prequalification rules for aFRR and mFRR providers; national terms due within six months, up to 24 months to implement
Source - DRESG 3rd Meeting (2026-10-06) — Agenda and slides of the 3rd DRESG meeting (ACER, ENTSO-E, DSO Entity, 6 Oct 2026): 13 national FNAs available to ACER incl. Sweden’s, preliminary barrier overview with Sweden flagged, ACER timeline Dec 2026–Jul 2027; aggregation and baselining monitoring (two purposes of a baseline, market schedules, declarative definition); data-exchange reference model
Source - ESEC 2026 Policy Session Are the FNAs Working (2026) — ESEC 2026 policy session on whether FNAs work (6 Oct 2026; ACER, Commission, CAN Europe); qualitative, plus ACER’s FNA timeline (July 2026, January 2027, July 2027)
Source - Svk Reserver Framtida Volymbehov (2025) — Svk web page (2025-03-26); official forward volume estimates 2025–2030 for all reserve products; FCR stable at 542/524/224 MW; aFRR 150→300 MW (120–400 range); mFRR up 800→1,400 MW; FFR 1–48 GWh by 2035 (four LMA scenarios EP/EF/FM/SF)
Source - Svk Kraftbalansen Höst 2025 — Bi-annual government power balance report (autumn 2025); winter 2025/2026 adequacy assessed positive (~1,000 MW surplus normalvinter); strategisk reserv first procurement failed — all bids exceeded CONE cap; CONE reference technology = household demand response; production-side bids all higher; effektreserv ended March 2025; Sweden entered winter 2025/2026 without contracted strategic reserve; transition to Lag 2025:50 framework
Source - Svk Kraftbalansen Vår 2026 — Bi-annual government power balance report (spring 2026, submitted 15 May 2026); winter 2025/2026 passed safely with good margins; strategisk reserv 350 MW successfully contracted (Mälarenergi + Sydkraft), never activated, 100% availability; peak load 24,800 MWh/h (12 Jan 2026); prices SE1/SE2 61, SE3 80, SE4 90 EUR/MWh avg (much higher than prior year); highest DA price 493 EUR/MWh (SE4, 19 Feb); highest balancing price 7,363 EUR/MWh (7 Jan); 11 manual mFRR adjustments; Aurora Line: SE1–Finland export 2.1→4.9 TWh; ERAA 2025 LOLE 6.5–10.3 h/year (all years above 1 h/year norm); demand-side flexibility named as adequacy mitigation; NRAA due end 2026
Source - Svk Strategisk Reserv Upphandling 2026-2027 (2026) — Svk news notice (2026) opening supplier qualification for the third strategisk reserv procurement; contract period 16 Nov 2026 – 15 Mar 2027, SE3/SE4; qualification via e-Avrop completed, tender/bid-invitation phase opened 4 Sep 2026 (update); target volume and price cap still not published
Source - Regeringen Uppdrag Svk Flaskhalsinkomster Överskott (2026) — government assignment KN2026/01699 (23 Sep 2026): Svk to report by 14 Jan 2027, for 2027–2031, the congestion income needed for Art. 19 priority objectives and tariff reduction, the annual surplus, and proposals for other uses; to consider Ei’s report due 30 Oct 2026
Source - Svk Transmissionsnätsavgift 2027 (2026) — Svk news (28 Sep 2026) incl. the 8.3 bn SEK split (over 2 bn energy fee + over 6.3 bn fixed fee), charge web page, 2027 FAQ, price lists 2026 and 2027, usage agreement 2026, 2025 energy-fee reduction news; 2026 two-component model versus 2027 four-component model; fixed fee +20% (+37% injection, +14% withdrawal); energy-fee reduction ~2 bn SEK; 12,000 SEK/month customer-specific fee; overrun fee 500/1,400 SEK/MW; own comparison of the price lists
Source - Svk Tarifföversyn Ny Tariffmodell (2026) — Svk tariff review: design memo of 19 Feb 2026, consultation responses (Dec 2025), voltage-regulation annex, overview; components, phase-in to 2030, distribution factor, storage category 2028, sum subscriptions, EIFS 2022:1 link
Source - Svk Avgifter Balansansvariga Parter (2026) — Svk BRP fees page and 28 Sep 2026 news; base fee 1.60 (2026) to 1.40 and 0.65 (2027); imbalance fee 1.15; weekly fee 30 EUR; fee history 2022–2025; strategic-reserve consumption surcharge rules (0.00 EUR/MWh winter 2025/26; 2026/27 level in October)
Source - Lag 2025-50 Finansiering Kapacitetsmekanism (2026) — consolidated text of Lag (2025:50) incl. amendment SFS 2026:1297 from 1 Jan 2027 (Svk named, elmarknadslagen references); fee on BRPs based on withdrawn volume; appeal route
Source - Forordning 2025-835 Kapacitetsmekanism (2025) — Full legal text (24 §§) of Förordning (2025:835) om en kapacitetsmekanism för elmarknaden, in force 1 Oct 2025; EC state aid case SA.112968 (2025/N); 14h activation-time ceiling + 2h min endurance (§6); no statutory MW minimum (Svk’s own discretion, §9); DR resources must “otherwise not be used” to qualify (§7, anti-cannibalization); 70% multi-year procurement cap (§15); bid evaluation weighting max 30% on activation time (§§17–19); non-delivery penalty floor = obalanspris (§14, distinct from the reserve’s own activation-price effect)
Source - Svk Driftstörningar 8 Juni 2026 — Svk news release (2026-06-10) on a two-fault disturbance 8 June 2026: SE2↔SE3 line de-energised (tower-climbers) + −500 MW Swe-Pol Link loss; frequency to 49.80 Hz; all mFRR bids in SE3/SE4 exhausted (701 MW SE3 + 255 MW SE4 activated 15:30–15:45) → four gas turbines started + 200 MW each from Lithuania and Norway; high mFRR/imbalance prices to be adjusted down on the principle that major grid incidents should not economically harm BRPs; empirical reserve-exhaustion anchor for the missing-reserve thesis
Source - Svk Öppna Data (data.svk.se) — Svk’s open-data portal (CKAN; CSV + API + Superset); 9 datasets (Stödtjänster + Elmarknad); active: mFRR capacity market (marginal price + called volume per elområde, hourly since 2023-10-18, daily updates), aFRR capacity market, day-ahead prices; discontinued: all FCR capacity/energy feeds; the live primary source behind the wiki’s mFRR/aFRR CM price/volume figures (otherwise from the Månadsrapport); also hosts the EMDO/BASE ontologies
Source - Svk Driftsäkerhet Augusti 2025 — Technical report on grid operational security (August 2025); grid-forming vs grid-following inverters as central distinction; six system needs (active power balance, reactive power balance, synchronization, damping, fault tolerance, restoration); five stability categories (frequency/voltage/angular/resonance/inverter); Svk roadmap for grid-forming requirements (HVDC first → batteries → offshore wind → onshore); FFR from batteries since 2020; three STATCOMs; reactive power tariff incentive + fines from 2027; N-1 criterion context
Source - Svk Målet Maximal Tillgänglig Kapacitet (2021) — Svk explainer (Dec 2021); control room maximises capacity within N-1; east-west flow shift in central Sweden vs historical north-south design; Svk cannot dictate generation siting under deregulated market
Source - Säkerhetskrav Hinder För Elektrifieringen (2024) — Second Opinion interview with SINTEF’s Oddbjørn Gjerde (Aug 2024); N-1 “hindrance to electrification”; GARPUR (2013-2017) → ACER 2019 decision → ENTSO-E implementation, target end-2027; Norway/Statnett already deviates from N-1 in places; 1970s Swedish nuclear PSA as historical root of probabilistic safety methodology
Source - Energiforsk 2026-1165 Stokastisk Driftsäkerhet Transmissionsnät (2026) — LTU/Energiforsk report (Bollen, Nazir, Rönnberg, Feb 2026); operational-risk equation R=ΣP(c)·F(c); contingency/severity-factor/unavailability definitions; 250-component combinatorial explosion (1.8×10⁷⁵); four practical barriers (computation time, interpretation, standardisation, data); explicit flexibility-market activation link (§2.3, foreword)
Source - Energiforsk 2025-1148 Syntesrapport Risk Och Tillförlitlighet (2025) — Energiforsk programme synthesis, 22 projects, 2021-2025 (Dec 2025); hosting-capacity/acceptansgräns handbook; probabilistic transformer loading enabling flexibility connections; BESS fire safety — no national siting guidelines; battery voltage/connection-limit findings; DSO storage-ownership barrier
Source - Energiforsk 2026-1163 Batterienergilagring Konsekvensbedomning (2026) — Brandskyddslaget/Energiforsk report 2026:1163 (March 2026, 132pp); dedicated BESS explosion + toxic-dispersion consequence-assessment methodology (NFPA 68, SS EN 14994, PM10/VOC/HF); deflagration debris zones up to ~25m, toxic products <30m, models tend to overestimate; Appendix A practical design/procurement guidance; describes the absence of harmonized Swedish regulation as a source of significant uncertainty; large stand-alone outdoor systems only
Source - Energiforsk 2025-1089 Datacenter som Flexibilitetskapacitet (2025) — Energiforsk/RISE guideline for data centres joining Svk ancillary services: 75–180 MW scenarios, owner interviews, UPS batteries, CO₂ estimate
Source - Clean Horizon Storage Index (2026) — Clean Horizon free monthly Storage Index: methodology (modelled gross battery revenue, 1.5 cycles/day, Jan 2026 marginal-to-average-MW break) plus chart CSVs for Sweden, Finland, DK1, DK2, Jan 2023–Aug 2026 at 1h/2h/4h; the wiki’s only external battery-revenue time series
Source - Fingrid FCR Market Battery Saturation (2026) — Fingrid’s FCR data: prequalified energy storage 826/824/529 MW (FCR-D up/down, FCR-N, 11 May 2026) vs batteries 119/116/106 MW (1 Jan 2025), yearly-market volumes and prices 2024–2027 (no FCR-N 2026, none 2027), reserve costs EUR 189.2M (2025)
Source - Hedelin Home Battery September 2026 (LinkedIn) — LinkedIn practitioner post: one home battery in September 2026, 789 kWh in at ~0.93 SEK/kWh and 758.5 kWh out at ~1.36 SEK/kWh, ~300 SEK from timing; self-reported, one household
Source - Swedish Household PV-BESS Studies (Rinio 2025, Ollas et al 2026) — Karlstad (Rinio) and RISE/Energimyndigheten (Ollas et al., abstract only) studies of household PV and battery economics under Swedish tariffs incl. peak power charge
Source - Fiedler Holiday Homes PV Battery Demand Charges (2022) — Dalarna University study of PV and battery for Sälen holiday homes under demand charges: battery adds value over PV only with high charges and year-round peaks
Source - Svensk Solenergi Remissvar Elmarknadsutredningen (2025) — Svensk Solenergi consultation response on SOU 2025:47 (Sep 2025): battery connection sizing, conditional agreements, symmetric tariffs; industry advocacy
Source - Energicentrum Gotland Dynamic Pricing and Tariff 2.0 (2025) — Energicentrum Gotland slides (May 2025): smart-meter real-time port and the Kräklingbo capacity-tariff pilot; no results
Source - Energicentrum Gotland Tariff 2.0 Slutrapport (2026) — Final report on Tariff 2.0, the Gotland pilot of a dynamic per-substation network tariff (Jun 2026): composite price, flexkompensation, user preference over effektavgifter, day-ahead forecasts missing critical hours
Source - GreenVoltis Single-Day Revenue Claim and Mimer Check (2026) — GreenVoltis LinkedIn claim of 30,821 kr/MW net in one day (7 Oct 2026) checked against Svk Mimer capacity prices; unaudited vendor claim
Source - Fraunhofer ISE Energy-Charts Battery Price Simulator (2026) — Fraunhofer ISE press release (1 Oct 2026) and method v1.0; free DE-LU day-ahead simulator with an added battery fleet; 20 GW/2 h: daily spread 130→53 EUR/MWh, solar market value +35 % (2025); day-ahead only, fixed 86 % efficiency, storage/solar-industry funded
Source - Evora Labs Market Data Extract (2026) — Fetched monthly Nordic reserve-capacity prices (FCR-N/D, aFRR, mFRR-CM; SE, FI, DK1, DK2, NO1–NO5; Jan 2023–Aug 2026) from Evora’s keyless market-data API, with a comparison against Svk’s 2026 monthly means (secondary source; Swedish FCR only, unweighted)
Source - Svk Mimer Reserve Price Exports (2026) — Svk’s own hourly reserve data from Mimer (FCR-N/D 2023–Oct 2026, aFRR and mFRR capacity, mFRR EAM 2026) plus a test of the open data.svk.se API; how Svk’s monthly means are built, reproduction checks against the monthly reports, annual Swedish FCR and mFRR capacity prices
Source - Energinet aFRR Capacity Market Data (2026) — Energinet’s open hourly dataset of the common Nordic aFRR capacity market (all SE, FI, DK, NO price areas, Dec 2022–Oct 2026, marginal EUR/MW); reproduces Svk’s published Swedish aFRR zone prices (48 of 48 within 0.07); annual means by zone
Source - Svk Balancing Market Outlook 2030 Data Update (2026) — Annual data update to the 2024 base report (June 2026, Q4 2025 snapshot); FCR-N 1,980 MW / FCR-D up 4,510 MW (BESS 2,700 MW) / FFR 910 MW (+510 MW BESS since 2024) pre-qualified; BESS dominant across all products; PICASSO Q4 2027 (Energinet Oct 2024, Fingrid Mar 2025 connected); aFRR demand post-PICASSO 120–350 MW; static FCR-D upward limit September 2026; MARI Nordic connection Q1 2027; FFR D-1 IT platform 2027, market 2028; Nordic MMS April 14 migration; flow-based + 15-min MTU as main new challenge; comprehensive balancing model review initiated
Source - Svk Uppdrag 3.1 Leveranssäkert Elsystem (2026) — Government assignment report 3.1 (June 2026); ERAA2025: ~6h LOLE 2028 in SE3/SE4 (vs 1h norm); 750–1,100 MW strategisk reserv needed; ~350 MW procurable; 1,350 MW överbelastningshantering contracted to Dec 2029 (520 mnkr/yr from flaskhalsinkomster); kapacitetsåtgärder joint concept (Svk+Vattenfall); stöd till icke-fossil flexibilitet under Regulation 2024/1747; Ei reliability norm review report autumn 2026; long-term gap >2,000 MW at 1h norm by 2035; fixed-price contract demand elasticity concern
Source - CONDON Nordic Position on Grid-Forming (2025) — Joint Nordic TSO position paper (Fingrid, Energinet, Statnett, Svenska kraftnät; Nov 3, 2025; 10 pp); defines GFM as controlled voltage source behind impedance with self-synchronization; four key behaviors (voltage-source, inertial response, self-synchronization, positive damping); technology timelines (HVDC/FACTS/BESS: requirements already being introduced; wind/solar: awaits EU network codes); Svk HVDC spec quoted; aligns with ACER/ENTSO-E, InterOPERA, German 4-TSO, NERC, AEMO, GB GC0137; testing framework (envelope curve methodology, nearing completion for HVDC/FACTS/BESS)
Source - Elmarknadsrådet Meeting 1 February 2026 — Minutes + presentations; Meeting 1/2026 (2026-02-04, Sundbyberg); 9 agenda items: market roadmap, elområdesanalys, strategisk reserv (350 MW contracted Jan 8, 2026; 330 MW Sydkraft Karlshamnsverket + 20 MW Mälarenergi; LOLE 1.6→1.2h), Projekt Nexus (civil preparedness), nätinvesteringar (32.4 GW Norrbotten applications), imbalance pricing reform (per bidding zone; VWA of mFRR), självreglering evaluation, SO GL Art. 182 process (remiss Q2 2026, signing Q3 2026), NC DR (entry into force 2026; four joint deliverables to Ei after EIF)
Source - Elmarknadsrådet Meeting 2 May 2026 — Minutes + presentations; Meeting 2/2026 (2026-05-20, Sundbyberg); 8 agenda items: Art. 182 follow-up (BSP agreement to remiss September 2026, entry into force March 2027), market roadmap update (FCR platform migrated to Fifty Nordic MMS; NC DR delayed; MARI Ei enforcement order for Q3 2026), kapacitetsåtgärd pilot concluded (Västra Götaland; financing model unresolved), BSP/BRP contract v3 (September 1, 2026; levy on SE3/SE4 BRPs; static FCR-D limit), driftläge (CNEC de-anonymization on JAO; SWEPOL 87.9% binding but out of service; summer outage program), datahanteringsverktyg (report September 30, 2026; no fundamental authority opposition; DHV implementation should precede NC DR), anslutningsprocessen review (delivered April 30, 2026; kapacitetszoner + intressentpooler; July 1 principle changes), FoI Elmarknad (new dedicated R&D area; Energimyndigheten collaboration strengthened)
Source - Elmarknadsrådet Website and Arbetsordning (2025-2026) — svk.se overview page (published 2026-06-08) + Arbetsordning PDF (2025-12-03, Dnr 2025/5502); full membership table (16 members: 4 Svk, 2 branschorg, 2 elnätsföretag, 3 producenter, 2 balansansvariga, 1 elanvändare, 2 BSPs); composition requirements; BSP seats via open nomination on svk.se; 2-year staggered mandates; Ei/Energimyndigheten/elbörser deliberately excluded; 2026 meeting dates (Feb 4, May 20, Sep 30, Nov 18); minute publication process (2-week distribution + 7-day comment period)
Source - Elmarknadsrådet Meetings 1 and 2 2025 (Feb-May) — Minutes + presentations for meetings 1 and 2 of 2025 (Feb 12 and May 7); BSP seat held by Ntricity/Lars Skoglund; Ntricity bankruptcy and restructuring (May 2025); mFRR EAM go-live March 4 context (urgency, BRP/BSP guidance, ICCP ombud model); flowbased intraday capacity drop (SE3-NO1); mFRR EAM industry experience (4× spread increase, equipment wear, manual corrections); GCT 30-min derogation applied; bidding zone review May 2025 (Svk recommends SE1-SE4); BSP avtal new version September 2025 (FCR to Nordic MMS); transmission tariff 4-component model; FFR 2025 procurement (244 MW, 713.9 MSEK); hydrogen co-planning assignment due August 2025
Source - Elmarknadsrådet Meetings 3 and 4 2025 (Sep-Nov) — Minutes + presentations for meetings 3 and 4 of 2025 (Sep 24 and Nov 19); meeting 3 held at Ovako Hofors (study visit); member renewal (Nov 20 deadline, 13 BSP applicants); Svk new instruction June 2025 (samhällsbyggare, planning coordination); DHV government assignment September 2025 (Ei leads, Svk co-author); Strategisk reserv first failure October 2025 (713 MW, none cost-effective); Förordning 2025:835 (Oct 1); MARI timeline announced Nov 17 (Q1 2027); PICASSO national connection; 15-min DA go-live Sep 30 (~80% 15-MTU from day 1); mFRR price cap consultation (±5,000 EUR/MWh alternatives); Ei dispens for abonnemangsavgift rejected Oct 24 (4-component tariff); aFRR ombud: Svk to procure own; Art. 182 DSO visibility gap raised; flowbased intraday Q3 2027; balansansvarsavgift 2026: grundavgift 1.60 EUR/MWh (−20%)
Source - Elmarknadsrådet Meetings 1 and 2 2024 (Feb-May) — Minutes + presentations for meetings 1 and 2 of 2024 (Feb 8 and May 16); Anna Jäderström as acting chair (meetings 1–2); Eva Vitell appointed Division System chief May 21; FCR marginal pricing from Feb 1 (no behavior change observed); BSP/BRP split contracts May 1 (structure only; independent BSP deferred); IDA auctions go-live June 13; EPAD pilot 22,000 GWh in 2023; HVDC pole reversal mitigation (implicit losses Kontiskan, ramp restrictions, portfolio manager countertrading); kompensationsmodell assignment scope (demand only; September 2024 target); four-component tariff Ei föreskrifter (Jan 2027); LMA2024 scenarios; mothandel model (Göteborg Energi, Sydkraft, Tekniska verken — south of snitt 3, 45 MW minimum)
Source - Svk Obalanspris Manuella Justeringar Upphör (2026) — Svk news (2026-06-24); Svk ends weekly manual obalanspris corrections after 28 June 2026 (last analysed day; presented 2 July); 112 quarters adjusted since 25 April 2025 (SE4 112, SE3 102, SE1 79, SE2 78; majority southern Sweden); enabled by increased balancing supply, automated-process + market-design fixes, and elastisk efterfrågan; future corrections avoided “as far as possible” not excluded; mFRR prequalification prioritised to 31 Dec 2026
Source - Svk Energiföretagen SO GL Art 182 Avtal (2026) — Svk news (2026-06-24) plus the 30 Sep 2026 remiss notice (remiss to 26 Oct; webinar 7 Oct) and the three remiss documents (draft main agreement, Annex 1 conditions, Svk guidance v1.0: 0.5 MW threshold, 4-working-week DSO decision with deemed approval, 2-day temporary limits by 14:00 D-2); Svk/Energiföretagen draft SO GL Art. 182 agreement for ancillary services connected to region/lokalnät; regulates grid prequalification + temporary limits; signed DSO runs nätanalys, may limit/deny market participation or set temporary limits / deny delivery in operation (stated reason); Svk BSP agreement (5937) updated; voluntary, non-retroactive (5-year reassessment cycle), BSP uncompensated when limited; remiss autumn 2026, in force spring 2027, phased; closes the FNA SO GL Art. 182 data gap
Source - Svk Elastisk Efterfrågan mFRR (2026) — Svk news article (2026-06-22); elastisk efterfrågan introduced in the Nordic mFRR budväljare from 22 June 2026; selector may decline to activate part of the need when price too high (cap 70 MW/quarter, aFRR backstop); replaces toleransband (whose optimisation complexity broke the algorithm’s time budget → illogical mispricing); DK/NO live, FI later; MARI-compatible; Svk’s local selector unchanged
Source - Svk aFRR Q3 2026 Procurement (2026) — Joint Nordic TSO note (2026-06-18); aFRR schedule Q3 2026 (from 1 July); aFRR Up trimmed to 200 MW during 07–19 (250 MW night), Down unchanged (250–325 MW); Nordic shares Svk 39%/38%, Statnett 31/31, Fingrid 20/20, Energinet DK2 10/11; frequency quality within target; pre-PICASSO baseline
Source - Svk aFRR Q4 2026 Procurement (2026) — Joint Nordic TSO note (2026-09-18); aFRR schedule Q4 2026 (from 1 October): aFRR Down cut 325 → 275 MW in hours 7–19, Up unchanged (Nordic totals Up 200–250, Down 250–300 MW); shares unchanged (Svk 39%/38%); frequency quality within target
Source - Svk Flödesbaserad Kapacitetsberäkning Avbrottsinformation NUCS (2026) — Svk news (2026-09-17); flow-based capacity calculation for outage information on NUCS from 24–25 Sep 2026 (M-1, V-1); indicative, selected elements/outages only, individual outages first; NTC-based publications continue in parallel; four Nordic TSOs coordinated by the Nordic RCC
Source - Svk aFRR Energy Activation Market Implementation Guide (2026) — Svk notice (2026-09-25) + Nordic BSP implementation guide v1.1 (Jul 2026); aFRR EAM mechanics (15-min bids, D-1 12:00 opening at Svk, T-25/T-10 min gate closures, 4 s optimisation, capacity bids matched by energy bids); Svk real-time interface via an Agent over ICCP; eSett settlement; fallback; Q4 2027 PICASSO plan; central agent (ombud) solution for wider aFRR participation
Source - Svk PICASSO Anslutningsdatum (2025) — Svk news notice (2025) revising Sweden’s PICASSO (aFRR energy activation) connection date to Q4 2027 (provisional, “several technical and market dependencies”); MARI/mFRR separately targeted Q1 2027 at the time — now delayed, see Source - Svk Forandrad Tidtabell MARI (2026); each country connects to PICASSO independently (no coordinated Nordic date)
Source - Svk Forandrad Tidtabell MARI (2026) — Svk press notice (2 Sep 2026); Nordic MARI connection postponed from Q1 2027 to an estimated Sept–Oct 2027 (no firm date); reason: a MARI-algorithm fix for “ologisk prisspridning” won’t be ready in time; consistent with the already-tracked Q3 2026 Ei enforcement dispute over the original schedule
Source - NBM Indivisible Bids Change (2026) — Nordic Balancing Model notice (31 Aug 2026); “Indivisible Bids Allowed” bid attribute removed from Nordic aFRR/mFRR capacity markets from 24 Nov 2026; Minimum Quantity becomes mandatory for every bid instead; test environment live from 15 Sep 2026
Source - ENTSO-E Third Probabilistic Risk Assessment Report (2025) — ENTSO-E’s third biennial PRA progress report (Dec 2025, 26pp, full read); CSAM Art. 44.1 end-2027 deadline is for drafting the methodology, not implementing it — implementation stated as post-2027, no date given (corrects the wiki’s earlier SINTEF-sourced “implemented by 2027” claim); WG PRA 20 TSOs + 2 RCCs; VAFFEL wind/lightning failure-probability concept (Statnett/MAVIR/TenneT NL) the only tested method; 27/40 TSOs providing 2023 disturbance data; no Nordic/Swedish-specific status given
Source - Elmarknadsrådet Meetings 3 and 4 2024 (Sep-Nov) — Minutes + presentations for meetings 3 and 4 of 2024 (Sep 18 and Nov 20); Malin Stridh back as chair; independent BSP by 2028 confirmed (Ei föreläggande answered Oct 1); mFRR EAM postponed to March 4, 2025; Flowbased go-live October 29 (rollback period ended Nov 20; non-intuitive flows; snitt 2/4 +30%); trilateral mFRR CM Nov 19 (SE+FI+DK); kompensationsmodell delivered Sep 2 (FSP role, “Flera leveranspunkter” + “Korrigerad faktura”, spotprice, 4–6 yr central system); kapacitetsåtgärd concept introduced (pilot in Västra Götaland; financed via anslutningsavgift; time-limited ~10 yr); överbelastningsreserv procured (replaces störningsreserv; Jan 2025 contracts); wind curtailment week 32 (1,200 MW sudden drop; frequency outside normal); obalansanalys (10-year increase; SE2 largest; 800% wind growth)
Source - Lind et al TSO-DSO Coordination Meshed-to-Meshed (2023) — Academic techno-economic model (Comillas ICAI, arXiv 2209.02360) of TSO-DSO coordination schemes in meshed-to-meshed subtransmission topologies; Swedish case study replicates the CoordiNet Uppsala 70 kV demonstration, two TSO-DSO interfaces (205 MW + 87 MW subscription levels); Common CS cheapest overall; DSO cost 1,674→802 k€/yr with local flexibility (52% reduction); subscription penalties eliminated at 1.6× base-case flexibility; 10 GWh/yr flexibility defers 145 GWh/yr demand growth
Source - Fingrid FinFlex TSO-DSO Congestion Market (web) — Fingrid’s joint TSO-DSO congestion management marketplace with Helen Electricity Network, on NODES; pilot through Dec 2027; Common-market coordination model (shared order book), Nordic comparator to GOPACS; NODESmarket’s first operator-reported results (13 Jul 2026): ~69 MWh reserved at ~192 EUR/MWh, 8 MWh activated at ~99 EUR/MWh; DSO-then-TSO ShortFlex sequencing
Source - Counties Energy Gridex (2026) — Counties Energy (NZ) press release, 8 Sep 2026; Gridex DSO platform issuing dynamic operating envelopes, flexible connections for C&I customers, nearly 40 MW flexible capacity, ten aggregators; company-reported examples ($80,000 vs $45,000; $138,000 vs $600)
Source - Ruwaida et al TSO-DSO-Customer Coordination Swedish Demonstration (2022) — Primary CoordiNet Swedish demonstration paper (IEEE TPWRS 2022); seven-scheme coordination taxonomy (Sweden ran Multi-level Market Model); precise 2021 subscription-penalty tiers (560/1,400/2,800 SEK/MWh by hour of overrun); market-timing GCT sequence; winter 2020/21 results (Skåne 1,503 SEK/MWh avg — discrepant with D4.7.2’s ~2,285); Uppland substation limits 205/87 MW confirming the Lind et al. 2023 model; dual mFRR/local prequalification barrier
Source - Backe Bjarup Ruwaida Change Management Sweden Capacity Challenge (CIRED 2019) — Earliest source in the CoordiNet lineage (CIRED 2019, pre-demonstration); 8B€/15B€-by-2030 macro cost estimate for Swedish grid capacity constraints (Pöyry 2017); origin story for Villkorade Avtal (Vattenfall bilateral treaties) vs. SWITCH (E.ON digital marketplace) as deliberately parallel pre-CoordiNet tracks; full 2019 consortium list confirming RWTH Aachen + Energiforsk both as members; precursor to the “ten abilities” framework

L — Wholesale market and interconnection

Day-ahead, intraday, bidding zones, capacity mechanisms, PPAs.

Source - ENTSO-E BZRR Nordic 2025 — ENTSO-E Bidding Zone Review of the 2025 Target Year, Nordic section (April 2025) + Annex 3 input data methodology (updated 2024-12-06); four Sweden-only configurations (Configs 8/9/10/11) assessed; all rejected on negative economic efficiency (Config 10 closest: −€2.2M/yr, Config 9 worst: −€34.8M/yr); formal proposal: maintain SE1–SE4 status quo; material limitations acknowledged: 2019 scenario data, three parallel climate years, non-costly remedial actions not modelled, two LMP Study errors corrected mid-study; Svk’s Configs 9/11 less sensitive to errors as based on empirical knowledge; study took 28 months; underpins Swedish government assignment due 29 May 2026
Source - Svk Analys av Elområden 2026 — Svk mandate/scope page (published 2025-11-05) for government-assigned bidding zone analysis; three alternatives (single zone / two zones at Snitt 2 / ACER alternative); export zone concept (särskilda elområden för export); five analysis criteria; uses LMA2024 scenarios with 2035 focus; report originally due 29 May 2026 to Klimat- och näringslivsdepartementet; extended to 29 January 2027; not a results document
Source - Svk Aktörsmöte Elområdesanalys (2025-11-05) — Svk stakeholder webinar slides and written Q&A (5 Nov 2025) on the government bidding-zone analysis: Alternative 3 as Svk’s four-zone variant of Config 11, Samnett/hydro method, no formal review, 18-month implementation, export-zone legal challenges (positions overtaken in part by the May 2026 amendment)
Source - Svk Aktörsmöte Balansmarknader (2026-10-13) — Svk’s aktörsmöte on the balancing markets, 13 Oct 2026: agenda (imbalance pricing, balancing costs, PICASSO, aFRR, preparedness); pre-event, no figures
Source - Ändring Uppdraget Svk Elområdesindelning (2026) — Government decision Regeringsbeslut I:9 (KN2026/01206, 2026-05-28); amends KN2025/01072; extends deadline to 29 January 2027; adds Art. 14.7 structural congestion report (formal EU zone change trigger); adds holistic 5–10 year recommendation; adds action plan toward 2 areas if more than 2 are proposed; cites Tidöavtalet single-price-area goal
Source - Nordic CCM Third Amendment Package (2026) — Package of five documents submitted by Nordic TSOs (Svk, Statnett, Fingrid, Energinet) to Ei and Nordic NRAs on 19 May 2026; third amendment to the Nordic CCM under CACM Art. 20(2); 10 key changes: costly RAs limited to 70% compliance (abandons virtual capacity; BNetzA ruling Oct 2025 cited); FRM split into RM + FCR margin at 95% risk level; Fmax now always PATL-based; CDCs made permanent; nine GSK strategies standardized; Art. 14 FI–NO4 CNEC dispute (Fingrid vs three other TSOs) resolved by reverting to 2020 wording; AHC formalized for Viking Link and North Sea Link; Ei ärendenummer 2026-103735; NRA review deadline firmed to 19 November 2026
Source - Ei Flödesbaserad Kapacitetsberäkning Synpunkter (2026) — Ei news notice (26 Aug 2026) opening a public comment window on the Nordic CCM Third Amendment; comments due 1 Oct 2026 via email to Ei’s Grossistmarknader unit citing ärendenummer 2026-103735; proposal document filed separately under e-diarium ärendenummer 2026-103688; confirms firm NRA decision deadline of 19 November 2026
Source - CCR Hansa RCCS Methodology and Ei Approval (2024) — CACM Art. 74 redispatching and countertrading cost-sharing methodology for CCR Hansa (8 bidding-zone borders since ACER Decision 08/2023); core principle: TSO in whose control area physical congestion occurred pays; SE4–DE/LU (Baltic Cable) 100% to Baltic Cable AB; all other borders 50%/50%; 2024 amendment adds NorNed + NordLink; Ei Decision 2024-102967 (Nov 2024) approving amendment
Source - Nord Pool Rulebook (2026) — Five Rulebook schedules: Definitions (16 Feb 2026), Day-ahead Regs (16 Feb 2026), Intraday Regs (30 Sep 2025), Product Specs Nordic/Baltic (12 Feb 2026), Clearing Rules (1 Feb 2026); day-ahead gate 12:00 CET D-1, min bid 0.1 MW, price EUR -500/+4,000; SE intraday gate 60 min, FI 0 min; IDA1/2/3 timings; CCP by novation; BRPA prerequisite for clearing
Source - Capacity Mechanisms (EC DG ENER) — EC DG Energy overview of capacity mechanisms; ERAA methodology; streamlining report COM/2025/65; national implementation plans; no-longer-last-resort reform from 2024; COM/2025/79 connection
Source - EC 15-Min MTU Day-Ahead Market (2025) — Official EC announcement of SDAC 15-minute MTU go-live on September 30, 2025; intraday (SIDC) also completed same date; legal basis Reg. 2019/943; 96 price points/day (wiki arithmetic); stated benefits for VRE integration and grid balancing
Source - EC Affordable Energy Action Plan (COM-2025-79) — Commission communication 26 Feb 2025; EUR 26B grid savings from flexibility by 2030; 40% wholesale price reduction potential; 12–42% consumer bill savings from flexible retail contracts; retail flexibility guidance (non-binding) due Q1 2026; four pillars: internal market, flexibility/DR, investment, consumer protection
Source - Electricity Market Design (EC DG ENER) — EC DG Energy overview of EU electricity market; 11.3M km grid, 266M customers, EUR 34B market integration savings; 2024 reform timeline; 15-min day-ahead confirmed implemented 30 Sep 2025; marginal pricing defence; White Paper on deeper integration due early 2026
Source - PPAs Explained (Next Kraftwerke) — Next Kraftwerke explainer on PPA types; corporate vs merchant; on-site/off-site/sleeved/virtual-synthetic typology; virtual PPA CfD mechanism; advantages/disadvantages; market growth drivers
Source - Nordic CCM Phenomena Report (2022) — Nordic RSC technical explainer (2022-05-05) from the flow-based parallel-run phase; welfare-economics derivation of “non-intuitive flows” (power flowing from higher- to lower-priced bidding zone); NTC vs flow-based Lagrangian welfare optimization; flow-based condition Δprice = shadow price(CNE) × PTDF; validated against a NO3→SE2 case study (2022-01-18, MTU 8) with full CNE shadow-price/PTDF tables
Source - Cutting the Cable CGE Analysis (Böhringer Kriström 2026) — Böhringer & Kriström, CESifo WP No. 12765 (June 2026); computable general equilibrium analysis of Swedish electricity export restriction (“cutting the cable”); export quota protects EEI industries (iron/steel, non-ferrous metals, pulp/paper — only ~4% of production) but cuts welfare gain from a doubling of int’l prices from >3.5% (free trade) to <1%; targeted output/employment subsidies achieve the same protection far more cheaply; free trade redistributes factor income toward hydro/nuclear generation rents — the paper’s conditional equity case for restriction; cites Sweden’s 2024 Hansa PowerBridge rejection as a real-world instance
Source - Betänkande 2025-26-NU17 Elmarknadsfrågor (2026) — Näringsutskottet report (Riksdag decision 15 Apr 2026) rejecting 132 electricity-market motion proposals, incl. V’s Sverigepriser (Motion 2025/26:2797); recounts the minister’s 2024 objections (EU rules, arbitrage) and the committee’s own doubts
Source - Energiforsk Elprispåverkan Vindkraft Skåne SE4 (2026) — Energiforsk/Profu counterfactual market analysis (Sept 2026, commissioned by Region Skåne); SE4 2024–2025 empirical price impact of added wind/solar; Kriegers Flak-sized (650 MW) offshore wind cuts load-weighted price ~4%, doubled build ~9% (nonlinear scaling via price-coupling regimes); wind capture rate 74–84% vs solar 54–60% (cannibalization effect); new flat load headroom ~1:1 in energy terms with added wind; Danish Aug 2026 CfD auction (67–73 €/MWh) vs. Vattenfall’s Sept 2024 Kriegers Flak pause (grid-connection cost 25–30% of project cost)
Source - Svk EPAD Auctions Q1 2026 and Trading Rules (2026) — Svk’s Q1 2026 quarterly summary of its EPAD auctions (25 participants/auction, tactical-bid signs, Euronext move, Cal-27 spread) and the SKM trading rules (coupled pay-as-clear auctions, order timing, fees; version of 19 Dec 2024)

M — Microgrid and island operation

Arholma and Simris case studies, protection engineering, BESS in island mode, fault current from inverter-based sources, unintentional islanding detection, crisis preparedness feasibility, simulation of black-start loading strategies, cybersecurity threats to DERs.

Source - Svk Om Ö-drift (2025) — Svk elberedskap web page (2025-04-02); authoritative four-level ö-drift taxonomy (transmission-based → local/regional → small area → single building); Svk elberedskapsmyndighet role (funds capability, planning, testing); technical requirements (dödnätsstart, frequency/voltage regulation, weak-grid operation); hard load prioritization; cannot guarantee function without live testing
Source - Energiforsk 2023-948 Reliability Analysis Microgrid (2023) — Energiforsk report by Ying He (Vattenfall); analytical reliability methodology for microgrids; Arholma case study (2015–2019 load data); SAIDI −45% island / −18% hybrid; LOLP 1.5% / 130 h/yr capacity shortfall; motivates DSR extension; funded by 15+ Swedish DSOs
Source - Energiforsk 2023-957 Felbortkoppling i Mikronät (2023) — DNV/Energiforsk guidance on fault clearing in Swedish microgrids; Simris (E.ON) and Arholma (Vattenfall) protection designs; MV/LV protection solutions for inverter-dominated island operation; identifies type A generator, BESS, and negative sequence regulatory gaps
Source - Energiforsk 2025-1128 Oavsiktlig Ö-drift med Distribuerad Generering (2025) — DNV/Energiforsk report (Sep 2025); unintentional islanding detection methods (passive/active/hybrid/communication-based); NDZ; inverter-based vs synchronous generator fault currents; IEC 62116/EN 50549/RfG Art. 13-14 standards; protection engineering in islanded distribution networks; two E.ON real events (2022-09-26 case + nätvärn preventive design)
Source - Förstudie Krisberedskap och ö-drift Skåne (2023) — Energikontor Syd/Region Skåne feasibility study (Aug 2023); maps Skåne CHP/waterpower potential; no suitable object found; CHP cooling constraints; Öresundsverket decision June 2023; elberedskapsanslag financing; ancillary service revenue stacking; Ludvika/Simris/Jönköping case studies; future options (gasturbiner + bio/vätgas)
Source - Från dödnätsstart till ödrift Uppsala Thesis (2025) — Uppsala University MSc thesis (Märta Strømme); Simulink simulation of hydropower + CHP (30.6 MVA) in anonymous Swedish municipality; four pålastningsstrategier (Fastighetsordning/Storleksordning/Kluster/Alla samtidigt); Kluster best compromise; max frequency dip 49.87 Hz; voltage within ±5% p.u.; ~80s stabilization time
Source - InterFlex Simris Microgrid (2018) — IEEE 2018 paper on E.ON’s Simris Local Energy System pilot (H2020 InterFlex, 2015–2018); 333 kWh/800 kW BESS, 500 kW wind, 442 kWp PV, 150 customers; 12-hour islanding test; BESS+PCS up to 4× cheaper than conventional grid upgrade; heat pump temperature-dependent flexibility profile; institutional foundation for CoordiNet and SWITCH
Source - Lund Arholma Microgrid Fault Detection (2025) — Molin & Thunholm MSc thesis (LTH / Vattenfall R&D); PowerFactory simulations of Arholma microgrid in island mode; GFMI fault current gap (≤2 p.u. vs 6 p.u. SG); six cases (MV/LV network size, MV-only protection, inverter limits); LVCB as key enabler; planning equations for future microgrid design
Source - RISE Cyberhot mot Elsystemet (2023) — RISE executive summary (March 2023); ~300,000 connectable heat pumps approaching critical mass for grid disturbances; Nordic32 simulation: synchronized attack can drive grid frequency outside normal range; attack vectors (product vulnerabilities, cloud service weaknesses, user behavior); recommendations across five actor categories; generic for all DER types
Source - Energimyndigheten Cybersäkerhet Energisektorn (web, 2026) — Energimyndigheten web guidance; official NIS2 regulatory framework for energy sector actors; OT/IT convergence as primary risk driver; Energimyndigheten as NIS2 supervisor; MCF (successor to MSB) for incident reporting; CERT-SE for response; six mandatory security categories
Source - Vattenfall Arholma Microgrid (2025) — Two documents (operational dashboard + Jan 2025 news article) covering Arholma microgrid (2×160 kW batteries, 320 kW / 2-hour island capacity, commissioned August 2023, ~250 residents, northern Stockholm archipelago); Power-as-a-Service model; next-phase DSR plan (customer heat pumps + remote switches, sequential load reconnection); international interest (Japanese delegation autumn 2024)

N — Data infrastructure

Elmarknadshubb history, DHV and FIS design, the data backbone for electricity market participants.

Source - DHV Presentation 2026-04-27 — Ei + Svk presentation at the April 27, 2026 digital consultation meeting; machine-readable network tariff (maskinläsbar elnätstariff för styrtjänster) explicitly in DHV scope; Norway lesson (“Borde ha inkluderat data om nättariffer”); stakeholder concerns (data quality governance, transition costs, GDPR, aggregator access rights, FIS sequencing risk)
Source - Ei Tillsyn Mätning och Rapportering (PM2024-02) — Ei PM2024:02 (5 Feb 2024); planned 2022–2023 supervision of DSO metering compliance; 6 of 10 audited DSOs exceeded the legal missing-value time limit, root-caused to stalled smart-meter swaps; some DSOs estimate missing values with a completely flat profile rather than the customer’s historical shape; “strong indications” many DSOs report at the wrong energy resolution; unmetered legacy installations persist despite the 2006 ellagen duty
Source - Energiforsk 2018-540 Framtidens Nätstation (2018) — DNV GL for Energiforsk (Dec 2018); most Swedish DSOs lack information on the relationship between fördelningsstation outgoing bays and customer connection points; Vattenfall 14-station field trial found 6 of 14 revealed a topology/measurement discrepancy; proposes a bronze/silver/gold/platinum nätstation maturity model; 70%/37% of grid components older than 20/38 years
Source - Energiforsk 2018-537 Dataanalys och Avancerade Algoritmer (2018) — RISE for Energiforsk (Oct 2018); non-technical loss detection/localization via correlation analysis, power-flow analysis, and ML; 54 of 159 Swedish DSOs had losses above 4%, worth an estimated ~72 MSEK/year to close; storage cost for richer metering is explicitly not the major cost driver compared to meter hardware cost
Source - Energiforsk 2022-895 DigiGrid (2022) — Power Circle for Energiforsk (Nov 2022); 34-respondent Swedish DSO digitalization survey — 85% collect unused data, 56% want to collect more but can’t (systems, old equipment, IT security, skills/time); combined power+IT competence named as the critical scarce resource; Ellevio case study building a SCADA-fed forecast tool integrated via API to SWITCH and NODES
Source - Ei R2026-08 Förslag Centralt Datahanteringsverktyg (2026) — Ei + Svk final report (Sept 2026), Ei R2026:08 / Svk 2025/5201; DHV + FIS proposal; Svk wholly owned subsidiary; fees (annual, base, per-metering-point service fee; FIS fee per active flexibility resource) under an Ei-set maximum allowed revenue; 300–800 MSEK investment, 100–150 MSEK/year running (Annex 1: 0.5–1 billion SEK); staged rollout, indicative go-live months 36–42 (reuse) or 90–96 (from scratch); draft law text (elmarknadslagen 10 kap. 14–36 §§); no national flexibility-provider definition; Annex 3 (other countries) not summarised
Source - Ei Förslag Centralt Datahanteringsverktyg (2026) — Ei + Svk consultation document; proposed DHV+FIS architecture for Swedish electricity market; six design principles; five benefits; SvK as recommended operator; staged implementation (FIS after DHV v1); Nordic vs Austrian comparison; NC DR FIS vehicle
Source - Projektstatus Elmarknadshubben (2021) — Svk slide presentation on elmarknadshubb project status; dual mandate (IT system + supplier-centric model); paused 2020 waiting for legislation; deliverables before pause; Nordic hub landscape
Source - RISE Digital Tvilling Elnät Elflexibel Industri (2026) — Energi.se (Jun 2026); RISE-led 25-organisation national grid digital twin, funded after 2025 feasibility study; ~52 MSEK within a 320 MSEK “Elflexibel industri” programme (Vinnova, to spring 2029); core partners KTH/Svk/Vattenfall/Ellevio/Energiforsk/Power Circle; relay-protection, multi-vendor comms, and black-start simulation uses
Source - Uppdrag Centralt Datahanteringsverktyg (2025) — Government decision 2025-09-18 cancelling old elmarknadshubb mandate and issuing new assignment to Ei + Svk; four purposes; security scope (FRA/SÄPO/IMY); report deadline 30 Sep 2026; NC DR FIS and aggregation compensation as named use cases
Source - Svk EMDO BASE Ontologier (2026) — Svk’s published RDF/Turtle semantic ontologies (data.svk.se): BASE (general concepts) + EMDO (Electricity Market Data Ontology — reserve products/directions, bidding zones, interconnectors, production types, auction rounds, forecast horizons, units, country codes, trade directions); a machine-readable market-data vocabulary; building block for the structured/portable data the NC DR FIS + DHV require; CIM-family but Svk-authored and market-data-scoped; version/license/CIM-alignment undocumented
Source - Svk Digital Substation Åker (2026) — Svk press release (2026-07-30); station Åker (Strängnäs) commissioned 28 July 2026 as Sweden’s first fully digital transmission substation — most control functions in networked software rather than hardware, less copper cabling, earlier factory-stage testing, remote fault detection; framed as necessary to sustain Svk’s historic grid buildout pace at an affordable resource cost per station; Ockelbo and Lindbacka planned next
Source - Digitala Monster — AI och Svenska Energisystemet (2026) — LTH master’s thesis (Persson, June 2026, with Energiforsk); 17 interviews across Swedish DSOs, Svk, RISE, industry; forecasting (spot-price-driven consumption forecasting; the AI-driven aFRR/mFRR proactive-activation reform since 2025), digital twins (Kraftsystemhubben’s ambiguous status; RISE’s national grid digital twin), flexibility services (district heating’s absent ancillary-service participation), and a risk chapter (competence gap and market-power centralisation; explainability; foreign-hardware/cloud dependency including V2G and inverters)
Source - Li et al AI-Driven Virtual Power Plants Review (2026) — Energies 19(4) 1084 (Feb 2026); global (not Sweden-specific) academic review mapping ML/DL/RL method families to VPP functions (forecasting, scheduling, bidding, aggregation, ancillary services); centralized/edge/hierarchical cloud-edge architecture comparison; used sparingly per this wiki’s Nordic-depth scope
Source - EDNA Demand Flexibility Protocols (2026) — IEA 4E EDNA (Viegand Maagøe, Jun 2026); international (not Sweden-specific — Sweden appears only as a listed 4E TCP member) comparative review of residential-appliance demand-flexibility protocols across 7 jurisdictions; Control Specificity × Temporal Horizon matrix; OpenADR 3, Matter, EEBUS named as the only credible protocol candidates; OpenADR 3.1 (Sept 2025) confirmed as the Alliance’s current release vs. Sweden’s 3.0.1 recommendation; Finding 2 (certification, not shared protocol, is what guarantees interoperability) independently parallels the E.ON/Ellevio OpenADR divergence already documented in this wiki
Source - Vattenfall Eldistribution Självläkande Nät (2026) — Vattenfall Eldistribution press release (Sep 2026); DSO-scale FDIR/self-healing MV network rollout — fault indicators + remote switching + decision-support software proposing reconfigurations, operator-confirmed not autonomous; ~1,200 fault indicators across ~3,000 MV lines, full concept live on 200; worked example restoring ~700 of ~1,000 affected customers within ~3 minutes
Source - Från DNO till DSO LinkedIn Artikel (2026) — Practitioner LinkedIn essay (Sep 2026); DNO→DSO distinction as “operator” (active/proactive control vs. own-maintain-repair), not a rebrand; reactive-vs-proactive control-room framing; ADMS explained vs. SCADA; FLISR (=FDIR) redundancy-precondition argument; Kraftringen Nät driftledare/driftingenjör 2-of-8-week rotation model; pushes back on “consumption explosion” as the reason for DSO, citing (uncorroborated) claimed post-1999 Swedish consumption decline
Source - AFRY Grid Intelligence Imperative ADMS Whitepaper (2026) — AFRY consultancy whitepaper on ADMS (Oct 2026): maturity levels, five use cases, JRC DSO Observatory 2024 statistics; marketing document with unsourced benefit ranges

O — Background reference

Wikipedia articles and general explainers providing foundational context.

Source - Demand response (Wikipedia) — DR types (emergency, economic, ancillary), implicit/explicit mechanisms, price elasticity effects, smart grid automation, US regulatory history
Source - Electric power distribution (Wikipedia) — Distribution systems, voltage levels, network types, modern DER integration
Source - Electric power transmission (Wikipedia) — Transmission physics, HVDC, grid structure, market separation, reconductoring
Source - Substation (Wikipedia) — Substation types, components, design; distribution substations as TSO/DSO boundary
Source - EEP Basics of Subtransmission Systems (web) — General technical explainer; common subtransmission voltages (34.5/69/115/138 kV), crossover in voltage and function between subtransmission and transmission, radial vs. looped/meshed topologies
Source - Fingrid Electricity System of Finland (web) — Finland’s three-tier grid structure (main grid/regional grid/distribution); 110 kV regional grid shared between Fingrid and DSOs — Nordic comparator for Sweden’s regionnät debate

P — V2G and Vehicle-to-X

Technology, economics, regulation, and Swedish pilots for bidirectional EV charging and V2X services.

Source - Power Circle Elbilsprognos 2026-2035 (2026) — Power Circle BEV adoption forecast (June 2026); S-curve / Bass-Rogers diffusion model; Sweden stalled at 35–40% new-car-sales share since 2022 (worst in Nordics); base scenario ~460,000 BEVs in traffic 2026 → 1M during 2029 → 2M during 2033; five drivers (purchase price strongest, elasticity −1.27 NO; petrol-vs-electricity-price asymmetry +1% petrol → +0.85% BEV; charging access caps saturation; model availability; political clarity); EU tariffs/CO₂ limits; apartment-charging gap as structural ceiling; policy recommendations (bonus-malus, apartment charging support, tax-free charging, 80%-by-2030 target). Relevant to V2G/DR fleet base
Source - Power Circle V2X Synthesis 2024 — 18-page Swedish industry factsheet (Power Circle); 114 GWh fleet potential; 10 GW at 1M vehicles × 10 kWh; 96% stationary lifetime; V2X taxonomy; AC vs DC comparison; ISO 15118-20 / OCPP 2.1 standards; Swedish regulatory grey areas (inmatningsabonnemang, dubbelbeskattning, address registration, classification ambiguity, nätkoder); Swedish pilots (PAVE, V2X-MAS, PEPP, SCALE); OEM readiness table for Swedish market
Source - Nya Siffror - Så Lite El Använder Sveriges Elbilar (2026) — alltomelbil.se summary of Energimyndigheten 2025 statistics; Swedish passenger EVs consumed 2,528 GWh (+485 GWh YoY), heavy electric trucks/buses 254 GWh combined (+109%/+66%); all road-transport EV charging (2,910 GWh) under 9% of 2025 net electricity export; current actual-consumption anchor for the ~500,000-EV Swedish fleet, complementing the Power Circle adoption forecast
Source - KTH Thesis V2G Sweden 2024 — Master’s thesis, KTH Industrial Management + BMW Group Northern Europe; 14 expert interviews; PESTLE framework applied to Swedish V2G; comprehensive barriers (absent regulation, double taxation, physical address rule, software OEM lock, AC/DC trade-off, battery degradation, warranty risk, installed-base wallbox problem); key drivers (political interest, OEM fleet aggregation opportunity to exceed 100 MW BSP threshold, leasing integration, V2H gateway); strategic recommendations for OEMs as first-mover BSPs
Source - Nagel et al V2G Nordic Balmorel 2024 — Peer-reviewed article, Energy 293 (2024) 130729; Balmorel energy system model for Norway (NO1–NO5) and Denmark (DK1–DK2) in 2040; Norway (hydro): V2G raises prices +57.6%, 0.75 TWh/yr; Denmark (VRE): V2G lowers prices −3.2%, 11.29 TWh/yr; system cost −3%; CO₂ −33%; V2G supplies 55% of peak load in DK2; airport vs home V2G (DK1: €1.8M vs €290.9M); prisoner’s dilemma at scale; Swedish SE1–SE2/SE3–SE4 implication (Norway-like vs Denmark-like)
Source - Vattenfall Energy Bank VW V2G Pilot 2025-2026 — Groups 5 clippings: Vattenfall press release (Apr 2026), EV Infrastructure News x2 (Apr 2026, May 2025), Vattenfall Hudiksvall article (Jan 2026), Vattenfall Fokus explainer in Swedish (Sep 2026: frequency-steering finding, SE3/SE4 rationale, spot-price arbitrage, Skoda/CUPRA participants); world’s largest V2G pilot at launch; ~200 Ambibox bidirectional chargers; SE3+SE4; VW ID. 77 kWh+; Vattenfall as both BRP and BSP; Energy Bank aggregation platform; V2H + V2G both in scope; preceded by one-year Stenberg/Hudiksvall housing cooperative validation pilot (no earnings figure confirmed in any raw); commercial V2H/V2G product target post-2028; international context (UK 70% V2G cost reduction, Australia ARENA, US ChargeScape)
Source - Placera Hemberg Snart Kan Du Tjäna 20 000 kr på Din Elbil (2026) — Opinion column (krönika) by Claes Hemberg, energy economist at Nibe, Placera 2026-09-21; claims V2G earnings from October for ~100,000 VW-group EVs; “over 20,000 kr/yr” is a quote from Energy Bank’s Klas Boman, 500–2,000 kr/month is the author’s estimate, Vattenfall offers 3 years of free electricity; nothing cited to a source, so treated as a retail-narrative snapshot, not evidence
Source - Fever Energy Website (2026) — Fever Energy’s own site: white-label HEMS/VPP platform (15 modules, gateway hardware), customer stories (Varberg Energi, Evolta, Enequi) with company-selected figures; vendor marketing, unverified
Source - Fever Energy News (2025-2026) — Fever news: Denmark launch (30 Oct 2025), battery-optimiser performance claim vs Clean Horizon benchmark (26 Jun 2026), Vattenfall Nätverka Batteri press release and Sifted 100 rank (1 Sep 2026); company-written
Source - RISE V2G Overview 2026 — RISE web article by Magnus Rysjö; researchers Jens Hagman and Anna Larsson (RISE Transport); grid deferral case for V2G; frequency regulation and resilience use cases; ecosystem prerequisite (intermediary/aggregator layer required for private participation); revenue opportunity overview; current knowledge limitations (battery degradation, scalability)
Source - Malakhatka et al V2G Service Blueprint Sweden (2026) — Peer-reviewed article, World Electric Vehicle Journal 2026, 17, 246; Chalmers + Polestar + Vattenfall + Göteborg Energi + Svk + Easee; Vinnova project 2023-00785; 18-participant co-design workshops; service blueprinting methodology applied to V2G; 9-phase service lifecycle; pre-qualification dead zone (3–6 months hardware + 1–5 months TSO pre-qual); fuse overload risk; pause vs termination; financial clarity as dominant user motivator; ISO 15118/OCPP/OpenADR/IEEE 2030.5/IEC 61850 mapped to service phases; digital twin one-click pre-qualification opportunity. This project is PAVE — see Source - Så Kan V2G Gå Från Projektform Till Marknaden (2025)
Source - Ramasan et al To V2G or Not Residential (2026) — Chalmers SSRN preprint (2026, not peer reviewed), economics strand of the PAVE/Vinnova V2G project; MILP optimisation of one Gothenburg household (65 kWh EV, 11 kW bidirectional, SE3, 2022 and 2025 data, Göteborg Energi tariffs) across direct/smart charging, spot, FCR-N and FCR-D, three work patterns, PV and home battery; bill falls from 32,378 SEK (direct charging) to 2,342 SEK (all markets), −18,250 SEK working from home; FCR-N carries most value; V2G can lower ageing vs direct charging; upper bound (0.1 MW minimum ignored, perfect foresight); authors’ results data in a public MIT repo
Source - Så Kan V2G Gå Från Projektform Till Marknaden (2025) — Tidningen Energi, Nov 2025; survey of why V2G is stalled in Sweden (business models, standards, actor coordination); Isak Vencu Öhrlund (ex-Power Circle) on Sweden’s structural advantage; AC/DC as business-model fork (VW’s stationary DC vs AC-in-vehicle portability); closed-vs-open charger-model framing (Ferroamp, Varberg Energi); PAVE confirmed ongoing, scaling to ~20 vehicles with a Polestar 3 fleet phase; corrects a wiki error that had credited CheckWatt as aggregator of the March 2025 Volvo Cars → Effekthandel Väst V2G delivery — no aggregator was involved; introduces Ferroamp and Varberg Energi (May 2025 V2G-to-villa demo via Varberg’s energihandel)
Source - Ferroamp Varberg Energi Volvo Penta Electric Boat V2G Pilot (2026) — Ferroamp press release (26 Aug 2026); extends the Ferroamp/Varberg Energi collaboration to electric boats with Volvo Penta, Västra Götaland Region-funded; two boats connected, qualifies for “the fastest ancillary services”; boats framed as ~10× residential battery capacity, idle exactly through the winter demand peak
Source - Öresundskraft V2G Helsingborg Pilot (2025) — Six Öresundskraft clippings (press release 18 Jun 2025, own FAQ page, two blog posts, two LinkedIn posts through ~Jul 2026); V2G innovation test at Öresundskraft’s own HQ using company fleet vehicles, Energy Bank aggregation; five charging points confirmed operational, ≈¼ of the office’s peak power need, both figures confirmed on Öresundskraft’s own channels; as of ~Jul 2026, Energy Bank/Volkswagen commercialization underway and Öresundskraft describes itself as moving from testing to offering
Source - V2G-Capable EV Models and Fleet Battery Capacity Sweden (2026) — Fact-check of a LinkedIn claim (“111 EV models support V2G in Sweden” / “~25 GWh”); neither figure corroborated or locatable; Power Circle press release (14 Apr 2026) puts Sweden’s whole chargeable-fleet (BEV+PHEV) battery capacity at >23,000 MWh, not V2G-specific capacity, and not matching the ~25 GWh figure cited; Tibber (Jun 2026) confirms only a small number of models actually support V2G today (Hudiksvall pilot’s VW/Škoda/CUPRA MEB vehicles, Kia EV9 in a separate pilot), no common bidirectional-DC standard yet